Dementia is a major public health concern, and mid-life hypertension is a key modifiable risk factor for late-life cognitive decline. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) are widely used antihypertensive agents that differ in their abil...
Dementia is a major public health concern, and mid-life hypertension is a key modifiable risk factor for late-life cognitive decline. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) are widely used antihypertensive agents that differ in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), raising the possibility that centrally active agents could differentially affect dementia risk. Preclinical and genetic evidence suggests potential harm with reduced central ACE activity, but epidemiologic findings are inconsistent. We evaluated whether BBB-crossing ACEis are associated with a different risk of incident dementia compared with non–BBB-crossing ACEis. We conducted an active-comparator, new-user cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service–Health Screening Cohort (NHISꠓHEALS) (2002–2019). Adults aged ≥40 years initiating BBB-crossing ACEis were compared with those initiating non–BBB-crossing ACEis. An intentionꠓto-treat analysis was performed, and 1:1 propensity score matching balanced major demographic, clinical, and healthcare utilization variables. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). After matching, 23,905 initiators of BBB-crossing ACEis and 23,905 initiators of non–BBB-crossing ACEis were followed, during which 6,476 dementia events occurred. Compared with non–BBB-crossing ACEis, BBBꠓcrossing ACEis were not associated with an increased risk of dementia (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.93–1.03); the corresponding incidence rates per 1,000 personꠓyears were 12.18 and 12.50, respectively. Results for AD were similar (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.02). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were broadly consistent, although a modestly lower dementia risk was observed among patients with diabetes using BBB-crossing ACEis. Overall, variation in BBB permeability within the ACEis class does not appear to be a major determinant of dementia risk.