Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating inflammatory disease in premature infants lacking specific treatment. Extracellular vesicles from thrombin-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells (thMSC-EVs) show superior therapeutic effi...
Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating inflammatory disease in premature infants lacking specific treatment. Extracellular vesicles from thrombin-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells (thMSC-EVs) show superior therapeutic efficacy over naïve MSC-EVs. This study aimed to identify the key enriched therapeutic factor and its mechanism in experimental NEC.
Methods: Comparative proteomic profiling (LC-MS/MS) of thMSC-EVs was performed to identify candidate proteins. NEC was induced in neonatal mice (P4) using formula feeding, LPS, and stress. thMSC-EVs were administered intraperitoneally. Whole transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and multi-omics ligand-receptor analyses of the mouse ileum integrated proteomic and transcriptomic data. The candidate, Annexin A1 (ANXA1), was validated using in vitro NEC models (HIT stress and LPS-induced inflammation), assessing viability (CCK-8), barrier integrity (ZO-1), and signaling (TLR4/NF-kB, Wnt/β-catenin) following treatment with the ANXA1 mimetic peptide (Ac2-26). The role of ANXA1 was confirmed using EVs from ANXA1-knockdown MSCs (siANXA1-MSC-EVs).
Results: Proteomic analysis showed thMSC-EVs were significantly enriched with anti-inflammatory proteins, including a 3-8-fold increase in ANXA1. In the NEC model, thMSC-EVs attenuated intestinal necrosis and apoptosis, suppressed mucosal immune response, and promoted tissue repair. Multi-omics ligand-receptor analysis identified the ANXA1-Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) interaction as the most prominent therapeutic axis. In vitro, the ANXA1 mimetic peptide Ac2-26 replicated the effects of thMSC-EVs, restoring cell viability/ZO-1 and suppressing TLR4/NF-kB while activating Wnt/β-catenin. Conversely, siANXA1-MSC-EVs demonstrated a markedly diminished therapeutic effect.
Conclusion: Thrombin preconditioning amplifies the ANXA1 content within MSC-EVs. This enriched ANXA1 exerts a dual therapeutic effect in NEC by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB-mediated inflammation and promoting Wnt/β-catenin-mediated epithelial regeneration via the FPR2 receptor. Our findings establish ANXA1 as a novel therapeutic target and thMSC-EVs as a potent cell-free therapeutic agent.