In next-generation 5G/6G wireless communication systems, in order to satisfy the requirements of low latency and high bandwidth, not only microwave dielectric substrates with low permittivity (εr), high quality factor (Q×f), and temperature-stable r...
In next-generation 5G/6G wireless communication systems, in order to satisfy the requirements of low latency and high bandwidth, not only microwave dielectric substrates with low permittivity (εr), high quality factor (Q×f), and temperature-stable resonant frequency (τf), but also materials that can be co-fired at ultra-low temperatures below 700℃ (ULTCC: Ultra-Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) are required. In this study, based on MgMoO4 ceramics with a wolframite-type structure, compositions of (Mg1-x)MoO4 (x=0-0.10) with controlled Mg content were designed to clarify the correlation between microwave dielectric properties and structural characteristics under ultra-low-temperature sintering conditions. For this purpose, powders were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method and calcined at 650℃ to stably form a MgMoO4 and β-MgMo2O7 phase assemblage. Subsequently, within the sintering temperature range of 650-750℃, the phase composition (XRD), microstructure (SEM), lattice vibration characteristics (Raman spectroscopy), and dielectric properties (εr, Q×f, tan δ, relative density) were comprehensively evaluated while varying the sintering temperature and Mg content.
Analysis of the sintering-temperature dependence for all compositions (x=0-0.10) showed that at 650℃ the relative density and Q×f were generally low. When the sintering temperature was increased to 675℃, the relative density (>90%) and Q×f for all compositions increased sharply, and tanδ decreased from the 10-3 to the 10-4 level. At temperatures of 700℃ and above, abnormal grain growth and pore re-formation caused the relative density and Q×f to decrease again. In terms of Mg-content dependence, the x=0 composition exhibited limited densification and a Q×f of ≈1.19×104GHz, whereas for x≥0.02 the formation of an β-MgMo2O7 secondary phase significantly improved the relative density and Q×f. In particular, the x=0.04 composition showed the optimal dielectric properties within the present study, with εr=7.11, Q×f=132,007GHz, tan δ=1.31×10-4, and a relative density of ≈94%. According to the XRD results, for the x=0.04 composition, MgMoO4 and β-MgMo2O7 phases coexist at 650-675℃, whereas above 700℃, β-MgMo2O7 transforms to α-MgMo2O7, leading to lattice distortions and changes in the Mo-O bonding characteristics associated with the degradation of Q×f.
SEM observations revealed that, for the x=0 composition, fine grains and numerous pores remained even after sintering, with no evidence of a liquid phase. In contrast, for x=0.04, a small amount of β-MgMo2O7-based liquid phase formed during sintering, promoting particle rearrangement and densification and thus resulting in a homogeneous, dense microstructure. For x=0.10, a continuous amorphous phase (residual liquid phase) was observed along the grain boundaries, indicating that an excessive liquid phase hindered densification and increased extrinsic losses. In the Raman spectra, the symmetric stretching (ν1) mode (≈956 and 968cm⁻¹) of the <!-- Not Allowed Tag Filtered --><MoO4> tetrahedra showed a slight shift toward higher frequency and a decrease in full width at half maximum (FWHM) as the sintering temperature increased from 650 to 675℃ and as the composition changed from x=0 to 0.04. This behavior suggests an increase in Mo-O bond stiffness, longer phonon lifetimes, and improved lattice ordering, resulting in reduced intrinsic losses. Conversely, at 700℃ or for x=0.10, the ν1 mode shifted to lower frequency with an increased FWHM, indicating enhanced local lattice distortion and phonon damping caused by phase transition and the excessive liquid phase, which consequently increased intrinsic loss and deteriorated Q×f.
From these results, it was confirmed that, in (Mg1-x)MoO4 ceramics with controlled Mg content, the x=0.04 composition exhibits excellent dielectric properties of εr≈7.11, Q×f≈132,007GHz, and tan δ≈1.31×10-4 at a markedly reduced sintering temperature of 675℃ compared with the conventional sintering temperature (≈900℃) of MgMoO4. This demonstrates the potential of (Mg1-x)MoO4 ceramics as candidate dielectric substrates for ULTCC applications that can simultaneously provide low permittivity and high Q×f under ultra-low-temperature (≤700℃) sintering conditions. In the future, their practical applicability to ULTCC processes is expected to be further enhanced by additional lowering of the sintering temperature through the addition of glass phases or low melting point oxides and by evaluating τf as well as the thermal expansion compatibility and chemical reactivity with electrodes.