This study aims to develop an Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model as one approach to designing elementary dance instruction that reflects the contemporary shift toward digital education, with specific application to creative experientia...
This study aims to develop an Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model as one approach to designing elementary dance instruction that reflects the contemporary shift toward digital education, with specific application to creative experiential activities in elementary schools. To develop the instructional design model and examine its validity, the Delphi technique, which facilitates expert consensus, was adopted as the research method. In particular, a modified Delphi method—characterized by the use of a structured questionnaire in the first round—was employed. A total of ten Delphi panelists participated in the study, including elementary school teachers and dance instructors with experience in using educational technology, and three rounds of surveys were conducted.
Through a review of prior studies on Art-EduTech, elementary dance education, and creative experiential activities, this study derived the core components, conceptual framework, design principles and detailed guidelines, as well as a procedural model for a preliminary dance instructional design model, and applied these to the first round of the Delphi survey. The second round collected expert opinions on the appropriateness of each individual component and the necessity of the detailed guidelines. The third round verified the adequacy of the design principles and detailed guidelines associated with each component, as well as the appropriateness of the conceptual framework, thereby leading to the development of the final dance instructional design model. Based on the finalized model, a procedural model and examples of learning activities were also proposed. Accordingly, the results addressing the research questions—first, how the initial Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model for creative experiential activities in elementary schools is structured; second, what perspectives experts hold regarding the Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model for creative experiential activities in elementary schools; and third, how the finalized Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model for creative experiential activities in elementary schools is structured—are presented below.
First, the components of the preliminary dance instructional design model developed through a review of prior studies consisted of ‘creativity- and affect-centered dance activity design,’ ‘digital–art convergence-based learning foundations,’ ‘artistic collaboration and co-creation,’ ‘development of self-directed learners,’ and ‘integrated process- and outcome-based assessment.’ The initial model comprised 15 design principles and a total of 41 detailed guidelines across subordinate domains, and the conceptual framework was designed to illustrate an interactive structure in which the five components mutually influence one another. The procedural model was grounded in the ADDIE framework and incorporated media utilization elements from the ASSURE model, thereby structuring the instructional process as ‘analysis–design and development–instructional implementation–evaluation.’
Second, the Delphi expert panel emphasized the need to preserve the artistic essence of dance education while avoiding an overreliance on technology-centered learning, and simultaneously to enhance learners’ awareness of digital ethics and their capacity for effective technology use. The panel also noted the importance of continuous professional development to strengthen instructors’ technological competencies, as well as the establishment of collaborative systems involving external experts. In addition, considering disparities in Art-EduTech environments across schools, the experts underscored the necessity of presenting standards for educational technology environments that prioritize practical feasibility. From the perspective of elementary dance education, discussions highlighted the need to design instructional content that can be meaningfully connected to learners’ everyday lives and lived experiences, along with the importance of creative instructional designs that strengthen integration with Art-EduTech. Furthermore, recommendations were offered to concretize dance instruction through activity components such as movement exploration and theme exploration, as well as instructional strategies including questioning techniques and movement expansion. The necessity of a gradual instructional design that takes learners’ physical anxiety into account was also raised.
Third, the final Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model for creative experiential activities in elementary schools, developed over three Delphi rounds, comprised five components, 15 design principles, and 62 detailed guidelines. Within the domain of ‘creative and connected dance learning content,’ the design principles of ‘creativity and expressiveness,’ ‘developmental appropriateness and systematicity,’ and ‘meaningfulness and contextuality’ were established. For the domain of ‘digital–art convergence learning environments,’ the principles of ‘competency and readiness,’ ‘environmental feasibility and implementability,’ and ‘utilization and scalability’ were developed. In the domain of ‘artistic collaboration and creative activities,’ the design principles included ‘interaction and communication,’ ‘collaboration and creativity,’ and ‘empathy and community.’ In addition, the domain of ‘development of self-directed learners’ encompassed the principles of ‘reflection and developmental growth,’ ‘inquiry and engagement,’ and ‘self-directedness,’ while the final domain of ‘integrated process- and outcome-based assessment’ included the principles of ‘criteria and diversity,’ ‘appropriateness and practicality,’ and ‘feedback and improvement.’ The finalized conceptual framework was designed as a cyclical structure in which the five components exert reciprocal influence within a hierarchical arrangement of ‘upper–middle–lower’ levels. The procedural model adopted the ADDIE model as the overarching design process and integrated elements of the ASSURE model as subordinate design procedures. Examples of Art-EduTech-based dance learning activities were proposed across three categories: real-time collaboration tools, immersive tools (metaverse, VR, AR), and creative support tools (AI-based programs).
This study sought to propose a dance instructional design model that aligns with contemporary educational practice by systematically developing and validating an Art-EduTech-based dance instructional design model for creative experiential activities in elementary schools. As an attempt to integrate digital technology into the structural framework of elementary dance instruction, this study holds academic significance in further extending the traditional aims of dance education, particularly the enhancement of physical expressiveness and creativity. The proposed instructional design model offers practical guidelines applicable to the entire process of instructional planning, implementation, and evaluation in school settings, and functions as an actionable framework for designing learner-centered, technology-integrated dance instruction. It is anticipated that this study will serve as foundational reference material for future research on Art-EduTech-integrated dance instructional design in elementary education, and that it will be expanded through diverse follow-up studies exploring how learners can experience self-directed dance learning and achieve artistic accomplishment and holistic development through collaborative creative activities.