This study begins from the recognition that the problems surrounding ‘Gyo-gwon’ in contemporary Korean educational settings arise from a dichotomous mode of thinking that treats authority and freedom as mutually exclusive, as well as from the eros...
This study begins from the recognition that the problems surrounding ‘Gyo-gwon’ in contemporary Korean educational settings arise from a dichotomous mode of thinking that treats authority and freedom as mutually exclusive, as well as from the erosion of the intrinsic authority that sustains the educational relationship between teacher and student. Existing discussions in educational philosophy have tended to understand the authority of the teacher primarily in terms of rational justification or legal position, which has limited their ability to account for the inner consent and voluntary obedience that constitute the core of educational relationships. In response, this study analyzes Rousseau’s Emile in order to demonstrate that the authority of the teacher is not a concept opposed to the child’s freedom, but rather an internal condition for its realization. More specifically, the purpose of this study is to examine how the authority of the teacher is transformed and actualized in accordance with the child’s developmental stages. According to the analysis, the authority of the teacher as presented in Emile is not a force that suppresses the child’s freedom, but a necessary condition that enables the child to judge his or her own actions independently and to act responsibly. Moreover, the authority of the teacher is not a fixed concept; rather, it is transformed through three educational stages—the education of nature, the education of things, and the education of man—in accordance with the child’s development.
First, in the stage of the education of nature, educational authority appears as a form of ‘protective authority’ grounded in unconditional love. Rousseau viewed human nature as being manifested through natural habits; accordingly, education at this stage focuses on protecting amour de soi so that the child is not corrupted by social vices. The primordial form of authority established through emotional bonds with the caregiver at this stage becomes the psychological foundation that later enables the child to accept the teacher’s authority naturally.
Second, in the stage of the education of things, the child encounters the necessity of nature and the resistance of objects, thereby experiencing an expansion of freedom. Through ‘negative education’, the teacher remains in the background as an ‘invisible hand’ who designs the educational environment, guiding the child to cultivate practical capacities that balance desire and power. Here, the authority of the teacher manifests not as arbitrary command, but as an excellence of power and competence that represents and operates the laws of nature. The ‘self-regulatory freedom’ acquired through this process prevents the child from being subordinated to the will of others and serves as the foundation for the later development of moral autonomy.
Third, in the stage of the education of man, the establishment of freedom through reason and conscience emerges as the central educational task amid the eruption of passions. The child grows into an autonomous subject who subjects his or her passions to laws approved by reason, and in this process comes to accept the teacher’s authority as an essential protective mechanism for safeguarding freedom. At this stage, the authority of the teacher is elevated into a ‘rational and moral authority’ that mediates universal laws such as conscience and the general will, rather than personal will. This form of authority enables the child to practice civic virtues without becoming subordinated to others within social relations. Ultimately, the authority of the teacher is completed at the final moment of education, when the child becomes an independent subject capable of following inner laws autonomously—when the child realizes that the authority he or she had been following in the teacher has, in fact, always resided within.
Taken together, these discussions suggest that the authority of the teacher should be understood as an expanded concept that goes beyond mere legal rights or professional prerogatives, toward one that supports the growth of the child. In educational settings, teachers’ educational authority appears as a multilayered and integrative form of authority that encompasses personal influence and rationality, and whose character changes according to the child’s developmental stage. Accordingly, the resolution of contemporary problems concerning ‘Gyo-gwon’ becomes possible only when ‘Gyo-gwon’ is reestablished as a form of communal authority that transcends administrative power and legal rights. This is a collective task that can be fulfilled only when teachers become exemplars of educational truth in practice, and when the educational community continuously reflects upon and restores trust in pursuit of public values embodied in the general will.