Electrochemical energy-conversion technologies, including fuel cells and water electrolysis, are central to the emerging low-carbon energy landscape, yet their large-scale implementation remains constrained by sluggish oxygen electrocatalysis and dura...
Electrochemical energy-conversion technologies, including fuel cells and water electrolysis, are central to the emerging low-carbon energy landscape, yet their large-scale implementation remains constrained by sluggish oxygen electrocatalysis and durability limitations under practical operating conditions. In fuel cells, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) suffers from complex multistep kinetics, while in electrolyzers the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) imposes a substantial overpotential penalty; moreover, high current density operation, fuel crossover, and corrosive electrolyte components can accelerate catalyst degradation. This thesis addresses these challenges through two complementary strategies that emphasize atomic-level active-site control and electrode-level interfacial engineering: (i) cobalt single-atom catalysts (Co-SACs) stabilized on graphitic carbon nitride–derived crystalline carbon nanostructures for selective and methanol-tolerant ORR, and (ii) binder-free cobalt selenide (CoSe) nanostructures conformally anchored on nickel foam for high-rate OER/HER and durable overall water splitting. In Chapter I, nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride frameworks (g-C3N4 and g-C3N5) are employed as coordination scaffolds to stabilize atomically dispersed cobalt centers via strong Co–Nx interactions. By tailoring the precursor composition and thermal polymerization/carbonization conditions, crystalline carbon nitride–derived architectures with distinct nitrogen coordination environments and porosity evolution are constructed, enabling the formation of uniformly dispersed Co single sites without detectable cobalt aggregation. Structural and chemical analyses using electron microscopy, diffraction/spectroscopy, and surface characterization confirm the retention of layered carbon nitride motifs, the emergence of partially graphitized domains, and the presence of cobalt in a highly dispersed, cationic nitrogen-coordinated state. Rotating ring–disk electrode (RRDE) measurements demonstrate that both Co–g-C3N4 and Co–g-C3N5 predominantly catalyze the ORR through an efficient four-electron pathway with near-zero peroxide yield (n ≈ 4.0), indicating highly selective O–O bond activation at isolated Co–Nx sites. The catalysts further exhibit strong resistance to methanol crossover, maintaining ORR polarization behavior upon methanol introduction, in contrast to commercial Pt/C which shows pronounced methanol oxidation responses. Durability evaluation via prolonged chronoamperometry and accelerated cycling reveals high stability, with the g-C3N5-derived Co-SAC showing superior current retention, consistent with stronger anchoring effects associated with its higher nitrogen coordination density. Post-operation structural and chemical characterizations (XRD, Raman, XPS) confirm preservation of the carbon framework and the Co–Nx environment, supporting the robustness of the single-atom configuration under electrochemical stress. In Chapter II, a scalable two-step route combining electrochemical deposition and thermal selenization is developed to fabricate CoSe nanostructures directly integrated on three-dimensional nickel foam (CoSe@NF) as a binder-free bifunctional electrode. Electrodeposition enables conformal cobalt coverage on the conductive foam ligaments, while subsequent selenization yields crystalline CoSe with a hierarchically roughened texture and intimate catalyst–substrate contact. Comprehensive characterization (XRD, SEM/TEM, EDS mapping, XPS) verifies the phase transformation from Co to CoSe, uniform Co/Se spatial distribution, and an electronically coupled CoSe–NF interface with minimal impurity signatures. Electrochemical evaluation in alkaline electrolyte shows that CoSe@NF exhibits substantially improved OER and HER activity compared with the electrodeposited cobalt precursor and bare nickel foam, delivering reduced overpotentials and accelerated kinetics as reflected by smaller Tafel slopes and markedly decreased charge-transfer resistance from impedance analysis. In a two-electrode configuration, the binder-free CoSe@NF pair achieves efficient overall water splitting with stable performance over extended operation, maintaining low voltage drift under constant-current testing and sustained current output under constant-voltage testing. The performance retention is attributed to the synergistic advantages of (i) a conductive and conformal CoSe layer that minimizes interfacial resistance, (ii) abundant accessible active sites generated through selenization-induced texturing and defect formation, and (iii) rapid electrolyte penetration and bubble release enabled by the macroporous nickel foam scaffold. The electrode architecture also demonstrates promising operational robustness under alkaline seawater-relevant conditions, highlighting its potential for practical, high-rate electrolysis environments. Overall, this thesis establishes that rational coordination engineering and interfacial electrode design can cooperatively enhance activity, selectivity, and durability in oxygen electrocatalysis using earth-abundant cobalt-based systems. The carbon nitride–derived Co-SACs provide highly selective and methanol-tolerant ORR with near-ideal four-electron pathways and strong structural integrity, while the binder-free CoSe@NF electrodes deliver efficient high-current-density OER/HER and durable overall water splitting through conformal integration and reduced charge-transfer losses. The insights into structure–property–performance relationships presented herein offer general design principles for developing scalable non-noble electrocatalysts and electrode architectures for next-generation fuel cells and water electrolysis technologies.