Membrane proteins are synthesized and targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where their transmembrane domains (TMDs) are accurately inserted into the lipid bilayer. The proper folding and topology of membrane proteins are fundamental prerequisit...
Membrane proteins are synthesized and targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where their transmembrane domains (TMDs) are accurately inserted into the lipid bilayer. The proper folding and topology of membrane proteins are fundamental prerequisites for their functional maturation, and these processes are primarily governed by dedicated insertional machineries such as the translocon. Among these machineries, the ER membrane complex (EMC) has emerged as an insertase and molecular chaperone that primarily assists in the biogenesis of multi-pass membrane proteins. Although its contribution to membrane protein insertion is well established, the mechanisms by which EMC influences ER homeostasis and broader membrane trafficking processes remain to be elucidated.
To explore how EMC contributes to the maintenance of ER function, we sought to identify its client proteins that might illuminate downstream physiological roles. Using TurboID-based proximity labeling combined with quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified immediate early response3 interacting protein1 (IER3IP1) as an ER protein whose expression was markedly reduced under EMC-deficient conditions. Insertion assays demonstrated that EMC promotes membrane integration of IER3IP1’s TMD, and that the characteristically low hydrophobicity of this domain determines its dependence on EMC for proper insertion.
Given the previously reported role of IER3IP1 in modulating ER-to-Golgi trafficking, we further investigated its functional consequences using both fluorogenic and biochemical analyses through the Retention Using selective Hooks (RUSH) assay. Loss of IER3IP1 led to a pronounced delay in the Golgi transport of the secretory protein clusterin (CLU). Consistently, parallel defects in CLU trafficking were also observed in EMC-deficient cells, and this defect was rescued by re-expression of IER3IP1.
Additionally, crosslinking experiments revealed the presence of a small membrane- associated protein within the ER that specifically binds to the N-terminal TMD of IER3IP1. Mutational disruption of this region abolished complex formation, and notably, the pathogenic A18V mutation within this TMD not only disrupted the specific interaction but also impaired ER-to-Golgi transport of CLU.
Together, our findings demonstrate that IER3IP1 is inserted into the ER membrane via the EMC, forms a defined complex with a small membrane protein through its N-terminal TMD, and thereby modulates the kinetics of ER-to-Golgi trafficking. This work reveals a dual role for the EMC: first, to ensure the stable biogenesis of membrane proteins with marginally hydrophobic TMDs, and second, to maintain the fidelity of the secretory pathway through client-specific regulatory mechanisms. We propose that the EMC contributes to ER homeostasis by integrating its function in membrane protein biogenesis with the control of subsequent post-ER trafficking events.