Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. Although natural polyphenols are widely recognized for their antioxidant and anti-aggreg...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. Although natural polyphenols are widely recognized for their antioxidant and anti-aggregation properties, their specific effects on Aβ pathology remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the molecular, cellular, and in vivo effects of fukinolic acid (FA)—a phenolic compound derived from Petasites japonicus—on Aβ1-42 aggregation and neurotoxicity. Aβ1-42 aggregation was evaluated using in silico docking simulation, Thioflavin T fluorescence assay, and photo-induced cross-linking (PICUP) western blot. Synaptic function was assessed through field potential recordings in acute hippocampal slices, while cell viability (MTT, LDH) and NMDAR inhibition experiments were performed in Neuro2a cells. In vivo, 5XFAD transgenic mice were orally administered FA (30 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks), followed by immunohistochemical analyses (ThS, 4G8, NeuN, TUNEL, Iba-1) and Y-maze behavioral testing. Docking results revealed stable interactions between FA and Aβ₁–₄₂ via hydrogen bonding (Asp7, His14) and π–π stacking (Tyr10), suggesting potential modulation of aggregation dynamics. FA inhibited fibril formation but promoted accumulation of high- molecular-weight oligomers, the most neurotoxic Aβ species. In Neuro2a cells, FA alone was not cytotoxic; however, co-treatment with Aβ significantly enhanced cell death through an NMDAR-dependent pathway. In hippocampal slices, FA treatment suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) without affecting basal synaptic transmission. In 5XFAD mice, chronic FA administration increased Aβ plaque burden, neuronal apoptosis, microglial activation, and working-memory impairment. In conclusion, despite its expected antioxidant properties, FA exacerbated Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by shifting aggregation toward toxic oligomeric intermediates and amplifying excitotoxic and inflammatory signaling. These findings indicate that certain natural polyphenols can act as context-dependent pro-pathogenic modulators in Alzheimer’s disease, highlighting the need for cautious evaluation of their dose- dependent effects in neurodegenerative models.