Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy shows significant potential as a treatment for cartilage regeneration. However, the limited chondrogenic capacity of MSCs hinders the complete regeneration of hyaline cartilage and the effective treatment of osteoar...
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy shows significant potential as a treatment for cartilage regeneration. However, the limited chondrogenic capacity of MSCs hinders the complete regeneration of hyaline cartilage and the effective treatment of osteoarthritis. Physical and chemical hypoxia preconditioning methods (hypoxia incubation and cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl₂)) are known to improve the chondrogenic potential of human MSCs; however, their effects on the chondrogenic differentiation of porcine MSCs (pMSCs) remain elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hypoxic preconditioning on the chondrogenic differentiation of pMSCs to assess their potential utility in preclinical cartilage regeneration models. In porcine Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), the hypoxia-preconditioned groups demonstrated a more pronounced upregulation of chondrogenic markers compared to control groups. In WJ-MSCs, Alcian blue staining revealed enhanced Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) deposition under physical hypoxia (5% O₂), whereas chemical hypoxia (100 μM and 200 μM CoCl₂) did not show an increase compared with the normoxic group. In ADSCs, GAGs accumulation was enhanced in both physical and chemical hypoxia-pretreated groups compared with the untreated controls. In conclusion, the results support the translational potential of physical and chemical hypoxia preconditioning as chondrogenic enhancers in large-animal models and provide a foundation for future in vivo cartilage repair studies.