Bismuth-Doped Copper Foam Electrode for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Jaehyun Ahn Department of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Konkuk University Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO₃RR) has emerged as a sustainable...
Bismuth-Doped Copper Foam Electrode for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Jaehyun Ahn Department of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Konkuk University Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO₃RR) has emerged as a sustainable green ammonia synthesis technology capable of replacing the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. NO₃RR requires the transfer of eight electrons and nine protons. It is essential to suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by regulating surface *H adsorption. At the same time, efficient protonation of reaction intermediates must be ensured to facilitate NH₃ formation. To address these challenges, we designed a bismuth-doped heterostructured oxide-derived copper (Bi/HOD-Cu) foam. HOD-Cu enhanced the conversion of *NO₃ to *NO₂ compared to conventional OD-Cu, which is known for its strong NO₃RR performance. In addition, an appropriate level of Bi doping effectively suppressed the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and exhibited excellent capability in stabilizing the *NO₂ intermediate. Consequently, the overall reaction pathway toward ammonia formation was promoted, leading to superior catalytic performance. Electrochemical performance evaluation showed that Bi₀.₇/HOD-Cu achieved an excellent Faradaic efficiency of 94.26% and an NH₃ partial current density of −278.28 mA·cm⁻² at −1.4 V vs. RHE. In situ Raman analysis confirmed that Bi doping stabilizes the *NO₂ intermediate and accelerates its protonation. Furthermore, the formation of a stable structure enabled the electrode to operate without performance degradation for over 10 hours in cyclic stability testing, demonstrating excellent durability. To assess the practical applicability of the electrode, we further evaluated its performance in a zero-gap MEA system. In this setup, we achieved a Faradaic efficiency of 80.69% and an NH₃ production rate of 1.44 mmol·cm⁻²·h⁻¹ at 400 mA·cm⁻². This study provides clear evidence that Bi-doped HOD-Cu plays a decisive role in enhancing both the selectivity and activity of NO₃RR. Furthermore, it provides a strategic direction for high efficiency and durable electrodes for sustainable ammonia synthesis. Keyword: Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO₃RR), Oxide-derived copper foam (OD-Cu), Bismuth-doped copper foam, Heterostructure