The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid via the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a sustainable approach for carbon utilization and energy conversion. In this study, antimony (Sb)-doped bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoshee...
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid via the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a sustainable approach for carbon utilization and energy conversion. In this study, antimony (Sb)-doped bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanosheets (NSs) were developed as efficient and selective electrocatalysts for CO2RR. Sb incorporation modified the electronic configuration of Bi atoms, generating electron-deficient sites that promote CO2 adsorption and stabilize the key intermediate *OCHO. In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed an earlier appearance and stronger *OCHO signal for Sb-doped Bi2O3 than for the undoped catalyst, confirming enhanced intermediate formation. The 10% Sb-doped Bi2O3 NSs exhibited the best performance, with a Faradaic efficiency (FEHCOO–) of 88.2% at −1.5 V (vs RHE) and a Partial current density (jHCOO–) of 80.1 mA·cm–2 at −1.7 V (vs RHE) in an H-type cell. When applied in a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) cell, the catalyst delivered a high partial current density (jHCOOH) of 279.8 mA·cm–2 and produced concentrated formic acid exceeding 10 wt % in a single pass. Moreover, the catalyst retained stable activity for over 24 h. This work highlights Sb doping as an effective means to enhance the activity, selectivity, and durability of Bi2O3-based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction.