Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining host health, particularly in the gastrointestinal system. They contribute to the modulation of immune responses, support the structural integrity of the intestinal epithe...
Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining host health, particularly in the gastrointestinal system. They contribute to the modulation of immune responses, support the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelium, and enhance gut motility. However, gastrointestinal homeostasis can be easily disrupted by various factors such as poor dietary habits, psychological stress, and medication use. Among these, oxidative stress is considered one of the primary pathological factors contributing to intestinal damage. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to epithelial cell impairment and apoptosis. Once this barrier is weakened, it becomes easier for pathogenic bacteria to invade the mucosa, increasing the risk of inflammation and gastrointestinal diseases. Recent studies have suggested that certain probiotic strains have been found to reinforce cellular antioxidant defenses and limit oxidative damage. Based on this evidence, the present study aimed to isolate novel probiotic strains from kimchi and evaluate their effects on gut health. Initially, Lactiplanticabillus plantarum DSW3805 and Pediococcus pentosaceus DSW4104, both isolated from kimchi were evaluated for gastrointestinal tolerance, adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells using adhesion assays and scanning electron microscopy, and anti-inflammatory activity through nitric oxide assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated HT-29 cells. Both strains effectively downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and modulated nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways. They also increased the expression of tight junction proteins and supported the regulation of intestinal motility. These findings indicate that L. plantarum DSW3805 and P. pentosaceus DSW4104 have strong potential as probiotic candidates for alleviating intestinal inflammation, strengthening epithelial barrier function, and promoting intestinal function. Secondly, the cytoprotective and antioxidant capacities of three L. plantarum strains (WB3801, WB3804, and WB3808), are isolated from Korean kimchi, against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in HT-29 cells. The strains demonstrated strong tolerance to acidic and bile conditions and adhered effectively to HT-29 cells, indicating favorable probiotic characteristics. Under oxidative stress conditions, they significantly improved cell viability, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and maintained mitochondrial function. These protective effects were associated with enhanced activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD1 and CAT. Furthermore, flow cytometry and gene expression analyses revealed that strains WB3801 and WB3808 inhibited apoptosis by lowering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and suppressing the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These results indicate that WB3801 and WB3808 confer strong antioxidant effect and anti-apoptotic effect through both enzymatic defense mechanisms and direct scavenging of ROS, thereby protecting intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative damage. Their notable cytoprotective capacity supports potential application as functional probiotics for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and preventing oxidative stress related gut disorders. In conclusion, L. plantarum DSW3805 and P. pentosaceus DSW4104 exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells. Furthermore, L. plantarum strains (WB3801 and WB3808) exhibited potent antioxidative and anti- apoptotic activities in H2O2-induced oxidative stress model using HT-29 cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that isolated strains contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, underscoring their potential application as functional food ingredients for the prevention and management of gastrointestinal disorders.