한국형 공공통번역 인증체계 설계 : 민간자격에서 국가제도로의 전환을 위한 설문기반 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1. Introduction: The Crisis of the Language Ecology
Korea’s language ecology is pluralizing rapidly, driven by sustained immigration, the global outbound dissemination of "K-Content," and the inbound multilingualization of public administration. Despite this shift, the institutional architecture intended to guarantee equal access to information, justice, and safety for those seeking residence through marriage or employment has evolved in a piecemeal, privately credentialed fashion. This has resulted in a critical policy gap: fragmented service provision sits in direct tension with the state’s non-delegable duty to secure linguistic rights and due process.
Public translation (and interpretation, by extension) refers to the “translation with government funding directed toward domains neglected by the commercial market, or language combinations for linguistic minorities” (Cheong 2013), and it is vital to the interests of the public (Ha et. Al., 2009). As noted in the literature, these are areas where commercial principles fail to create sufficient supply despite the information being critical to the nation’s image and internal communications (Cheong 2013).
This dissertation addresses this gap by investigating how a national PTI accreditation and educational architecture should be designed to protect the rights of language minority citizens, stabilize administrative procedures, and improve crisis resilience.
Conceptual Framework: The Inbound–Outbound Paradigm
The study clarifies PTI conceptually as a public-facing umbrella spanning both interpreting and translation across spoken and non-spoken media. Crucially, it operationalizes the inbound–outbound distinction not as a stylistic label, but as a fundamental design constraint.
• Inbound PTI Services: These enable lawful, comprehensible access for residents to administrative, legal, health, and emergency systems, ensuring due process for those seeking employment or long-term residence in Korea.
• Outbound PTI Services: These carry Korean policy, culture, news, and knowledge outward through the localization and transcreation of K-Contents.
Because user groups, risk surfaces (the system spots where failures are likeliest and most harmful), and performance expectations diverge systematically across these directions, any credible national scheme must encode these differences in its certification scope, assessment methods, procurement rules, and continuing professional development (CPD) cycles.

2. Research Questions
The study is structured around four central research questions:
• RQ1: How do current Korean PTI practitioners and education faculty perceive the value, gaps, and priorities of existing accreditation and education programs?
• RQ2: Does a comparative analysis of international certification systems justify the implementation of a Korean national scheme, and which elements are transferable?
• RQ3: How should an effective PTI education program be designed to balance scenario-based assessment, portfolios, and the integration of guarded machine translation?
• RQ4: How do policy supports—such as central standard-setting bodies, shared talent pools, and audits—affect professional competence and the expansion of the PTI role?

3. Detailed Research Methodology
The project employs a robust, two-round mixed-methods design linking survey results comprising structured items to open-ended qualitative rationales to statistical and comprehensive comparisons.
• Round 1 Survey (May–June 2025): Captured a baseline from 83 subjects, including public-sector practitioners, educators, and government officials whose roles involve translation management.
• Round 2 Survey (Sept–Oct 2025): Expanded the panel to 87 subjects. A critical methodological feature of this round was upgrading the expert stratum from undergraduate students to PTI graduate students and faculty members. This injected higher procedural knowledge and situational expertise into responses regarding governance and standards.
• Participant Continuity: Practitioner retention was high, with 52.1% of Round 2 practitioners being repeat participants from Round 1. This "panel-core + new-cohort" architecture allows the analysis to estimate both stability (persisting views) and sensitivity (shifting preferences under refined information).
Analytically, the study integrates SPSS-based descriptive statistics, domain-specific preference mapping, and thematic coding (tagging qualitative data with labels to group recurring ideas into themes). Measurement decisions included partial invariance checks to support meaningful cross-wave comparisons. Closed-item batteries covered domain priorities, modular certification, procurement preferences, and governance signals like Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) penetration and incident reporting.

4. Comprehensive Findings and Analysis
The findings converge on four primary results that form the basis for the proposed reform:
1. Rights–Risk Ordering of Priorities: Inbound, high-stakes domains—specifically immigration, refugee status, and justice/police—emerge as "first-tier" areas. In these sectors, errors directly threaten legal status, liberty, or physical safety. Healthcare and disaster response form a second tier requiring pre-positioned frameworks.
2. Modular, Tiered Certification: Stakeholders overwhelmingly endorse stacked modules that separate inbound, outbound, and cross-border work. These are linked to graded difficulty–fee matrices to ensure compensation tracks the risk and complexity of the task.
3. Institutional Quality Gap: The study reveals that domain SOPs, incident reporting, and post-hoc evaluations currently have low penetration. This indicates a weak "learning from failure" mechanism within the current system.
4. Professionalization Levers: There is broad support for mandatory CPD and periodic renewal. While guarded use of machine translation is acceptable in low-risk outbound contexts, it is rejected for high-risk inbound tasks without human oversight.

5. Conclusion: A Blueprint for a "Closed-Loop" Architecture
The dissertation concludes by offering a "design grammar" for PTI reform centered on a closed-loop architecture. This model ensures that what the state certifies, buys, evaluates, and teaches are perfectly aligned, moving PTI from symbolic capital to performance accountability.
5.1. The Four Operational Toolsets
The loop is operationalized through four specific toolsets:
1. Standard Rubrics and SOPs: These specify minimum expectations for accuracy, plain-language delivery, and confidentiality.
2. Authentic Assessment: This utilizes scenario-based exams for inbound domains to test real-time judgment and error containment, while using portfolios for outbound domains to demonstrate cultural mediation and reception quality.
3. Procurement Rules: These mandate that tasks be mapped to certified modules and require post-performance reviews that "write back" to an interpreter’s renewal decisions.
4. Governance Data: This involves the collection of non-identifying performance logs and incident narratives to enable continuous institutional improvement.
5.2. Implementation Roadmap and Final Assertion
To manage adoption risks, a staged roadmap—pilot → evaluate → scale—is proposed. Initial pilots should prioritize first-tier inbound domains (immigration and justice) to test the rights-and-risk lens in high-stakes environments. Equity safeguards, such as provisional grades for rare languages and inter-regional talent pools, must be maintained to ensure the national system does not inadvertently narrow access for minority groups.
Ultimately, this study provides the practical blueprint for a Korean PTI system that meets the dual mandate of protecting people when language is perilous and projecting culture when language is opportunity. By re-wiring the incentives toward quality and learning, the framework transforms PTI into a durable public capability that anchors linguistic rights and enables resilient communication in both routine and crisis contexts.
5.3 Significance of the Study
The study’s primary significance lies in its transition of Public Translation and Interpreting (PTI) from a fragmented, private-sector patchwork to a durable public capability.
• Linguistic Rights and Due Process: It establishes a framework where the state’s non-delegable duty to secure linguistic rights is met through standardized, reliable service provision.
• A "Closed-Loop" Design Grammar: The study introduces an innovative architecture that aligns four critical pillars— certification, procurement, assessment, and education—ensuring that credentials translate directly into performance accountability.
• Conceptual Innovation: It operationalizes the inbound–outbound distinction, providing a rights-and-risk vocabulary that prioritizes regulatory intensity where potential harm (e.g., in justice or health) is highest.
• Empirical Depth: By "upgrading the expert stratum" to graduate-level trainees and faculty, the study achieves high content and construct validity regarding complex governance standards.
5.4 Research Limitations
While the study offers a robust blueprint, several limitations are noted or implied within the mixed-methods architecture:
• Episodic Domain Challenges: Domains like healthcare and disaster response currently show low volume, making it difficult to establish permanent assessment frameworks without higher baseline data.
• Low Institutional Penetration: The existing lack of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and incident reporting mechanisms across current institutions limits the ability to audit how corrective guidance propagates in real-time.
• Machine Translation (MT) Boundary: While the study addresses MT, its practical limits in crisis communication are still being surfaced, suggesting that the "guarded use" of MT requires further technical refinement.
• Geographic and Language Constraints: The study acknowledges the need for equity safeguards, as national standards can inadvertently narrow access for rare language pairs or small regional jurisdictions.
5.5 Implications for Further Studies
The dissertation sets a foundational stage for several avenues of future academic and policy research:
• Longitudinal Reliability Research: Future studies can utilize the "panel-core + new-cohort" architecture to conduct long-term within-subject continuity checks on how practitioner preferences shift as the public system matures.
• Outcomes-Based Research: There is a call for academia to take a formal role in research regarding the "reception quality" of outbound work and the "due-process clarity" of inbound services.
• Refinement of Authentic Assessment: Further research is needed to develop "objective structured scenarios" for inbound domains and "portfolio metadata standards" for outbound work to ensure assessments remain implementable under real-world constraints.
• Pilot Evaluation: The proposed pilot → evaluate → scale roadmap invites future researchers to track cost and coverage impacts during the initial rollout in high-stakes domains like immigration and justice.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1장 서론 1
• 1.1 연구의 배경 및 필요성 1
• 1.2 연구의 목적 및 질문 5
• 1.3 연구의 개요 및 설계 13
• 제 2장 선행연구 17
• 2.1 공공통번역의 개념 17
• 2.1.1 공공통번역의 정의 및 특징 17
• 2.1.2 유사개념 공공서비스통역(PSI)과의 비교 22
• 2.1.3 본 논문에서 사용된 공공통번역의 정의 및 특징 29
• 2.2 한국 공공통번역의 시기별 연구동향 31
• 2.2.1 태동기 (2000-2005) 32
• 2.2.2 성장기 (2006-2015) 34
• 2.2.3 전환기 (2016- 현재) 37
• 2.3 공공통번역의 주제별 연구동향 40
• 2.3.1 공공통번역 인식/유형/주제 연구 41
• 2.3.2 공공통번역 언어방향별 연구 64
• 2.4 국내외 공공통번역 제도 비교와 시사점 71
• 제 3장 연구방법 83
• 3.1. 설문개요 83
• 3.1.1 설문목적 및 질문 85
• 3.1.2 연구대상 및 범위 90
• 3.1.3 설계 및 절차 93
• 3.1.3.1 1차 설문연구 94
• 3.1.3.2 2차 설문연구 95
• 3.2. 예비 및 1차 설문조사 96
• 3.2.1 설계목적 및 문항구성 원칙 97
• 3.2.2 조사대상 및 시행절차 100
• 3.2,3 주요결과 요약 및 시사점 101
• 3.2.4 본설문 설계 방향 및 도출기준 104
• 3.3 본설문 설계방향 105
• 3.3.1 설계방향 및 전반적 구조 106
• 3.3.2 설문 결과에 따른 문항 개선 지점과 함의 110
• 3.3.3 본설문 조사실행 및 분석 계획 120
• 제 4장 설문조사 결과분석 126
• 4.1 1차 설문결과 분석 127
• 4.1.1 1차 설문결과 분석 절차 127
• 4.2 2차 설문결과 분석 128
• 4.2.1 2차 설문결과 분석 절차 128
• 4.3 응답자 분석 130
• 4.3.1 응답자 기본 배경 분석 130
• 4.4 연구 질문에 따른 결과 분석 140
• 4.4.1 연구질문1 140
• 4.4.2 연구질문2 155
• 4.4.3 연구질문3 173
• 4.4.4 연구질문4 182
• 제 5장 결론 198
• 5.1 분석결과 및 시사점 198
• 5.1.1 주요 분석 결과 및 정책적·학술적 시사점 199
• 5.1.1.1 공공통번역 제도의 사회적 필요성과 제도화 기대 200
• 5.1.1.2 현행 인증제도의 한계와 갱신체계 도입에 대한 광범위한 요구 202
• 5.1.1.3 국가주도 인증제에 대한 신뢰와 기대, 그리고 실무적 우려의 공존 203
• 5.2 본 연구의 정책적 함의 및 제언 204
• 5.2.1 정책적 함의 205
• 5.2.2 정책적 제언 206
• 5.3 본 연구의 기여 및 한계 207
• 5.3.1 본 연구의 학문적 기여 207
• 5.3.2 본 연구의 한계 및 후속 연구 방향 208
• 참고문헌 211
• 부록 238
• ABSTRACT 284