As the dominant organizational form in the modern market economy and one that operates for profit, the corporate system has, since its inception, been at the center of continuous debates over corporate governance and investor protection. With the rise...
As the dominant organizational form in the modern market economy and one that operates for profit, the corporate system has, since its inception, been at the center of continuous debates over corporate governance and investor protection. With the rise of the Industrial Revolution, corporations expanded in scale, requiring substantial capital infusion and professional management, which led to the emergence of the joint-stock company. Shareholders, as owners, no longer participated directly in business operations; instead, professional managers were hired to run the company. This separation of ownership and management improved corporate efficiency, but it also intensified conflicts between shareholders and managers. Economics conceptualizes this phenomenon as the “principal–agent problem,” and corporate oversight mechanisms emerged precisely to address it.
Since its birth, the corporate oversight system has been the subject of persistent controversy. From the mid-19th to mid-20th century, when financial auditing stood at the core of corporate oversight, to the introduction of internal control frameworks during the Cold War that fostered the professionalization of internal auditing, and ultimately to the integration of risk management with corporate governance, modern corporate oversight has entered an era of comprehensive supervision. However, although oversight powers have expanded step by step
and the supervisory system has steadily improved, new frameworks and new problems have continuously emerged as well. Contemporary corporate oversight, encompassing the triad of statutory auditors, outside directors, and audit committees, supplemented by external auditing, appears robust on the surface. Yet the endless stream of corporate scandals constantly reveals its fragility. Where the statutory auditor system should go from here, and how the corporate governance framework ought to be constructed, remain central topics of debate within the legal academy.
Following COVID-19, the global economy entered a period of decline. The stagnation of market activity placed corporations in increasingly precarious positions, and shrinking revenues reignited internal conflicts. As companies shifted their strategic focus from pursuing growth in “incremental markets” to fighting for survival in “stock markets,” conflicts among shareholders, between investors and managers, and between supervisors and those being supervised grew ever more intense. Consequently, a re-examination and reconstruction of corporate governance structures have become imperative. Drawing upon the current state of Korean and Chinese corporate oversight systems, this paper traces their historical evolution while exploring future developments. Focusing on the three major mechanisms—statutory auditors, outside directors, and audit committees—it compares the systems of the two jurisdictions, examines deficiencies in existing frameworks, identifies areas for improvement, and, in light of the rise of ESG principles and the impending era of artificial intelligence, proposes possible paths for enhancing corporate oversight.
There is no absolutely perfect institutional design, but only systems compatible with the social, cultural, and economic structures in which they operate. Comparative analysis, much like the interaction among civilizations, not only facilitates mutual learning and progress but also allows each system to identify and rectify its own shortcomings. This is the very value of comparative research.