Contemporary plastic materials are widely employed in modern and contemporary art owing to their workability, lightweight nature, and capacity for diverse chromatic expression. However, plastics are inherently vulnerable to environmental factors such ...
Contemporary plastic materials are widely employed in modern and contemporary art owing to their workability, lightweight nature, and capacity for diverse chromatic expression. However, plastics are inherently vulnerable to environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, oxygen, and heat, often exhibiting discoloration, embrittlement, and cracking within approximately 5–25 years. Artworks subjected to repeated transport and installation are particularly prone to breakage and fracture, necessitating prompt conservation treatment. The epoxy adhesive Hxtal NYL-1, previously proposed for conservation purposes, has limitations in practice due to its prolonged curing time, low reversibility, and mismatched mechanical properties relative to plastic substrates.
This study proposes urethane acrylate–based UV-Curable Resins that cure within seconds under UV irradiation as adhesives for contemporary plastic artworks. Their applicability as conservation materials was examined through an evaluation of substrate-specific adhesion suitability, long-term stability, and reversibility.
Based on a survey of plastic holdings in domestic museums, five representative transparent plastic substrates were selected: three thermoplastic resins—polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—and two thermosetting resins—epoxy (EP) and polyurethane (PUR). Five urethane acrylate–based UV-Curable Resins were tested (three products from Manufacturer A, one from Manufacturer B, and one from Manufacturer C), while the epoxy resin Hxtal NYL-1 (Manufacturer H) served as a reference material. For reversibility assessments, five solvent systems were employed: three organic solvents (ethanol (E), ethyl acetate (EA), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA)) and two inorganic solvents (sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and nitric acid (NA)).
Curing experiments were conducted to establish optimal adhesion conditions. Combinations of UV irradiance (100, 500, and 1,000 W/cm²), distance between the specimen surface and light source (5, 10, and 15 mm), and exposure time (15, 60, and 120 s) were applied to substrates without adhesive, followed by colorimetric measurement. Using Δb* ≤ 1.0 as the acceptability threshold for yellowing, the condition of 500 W/cm², 15 mm, and 15 s was identified as the most suitable, providing minimal yellowing while maintaining adequate adhesive performance; this was subsequently adopted as the standard curing condition for UV-aging experiments.
Accelerated UV-aging tests were performed to evaluate changes in physical properties under artificial deterioration conditions, focusing on color difference and shear adhesive strength. After a total of 300 hours of UV exposure, colorimetric changes and tensile/compressive lap-shear strengths of the UV-Curable Resins and the reference adhesive were measured. In terms of color stability, A-1 and A-2 exhibited low yellowing comparable to the reference, whereas A-3 showed faster initial discoloration but ultimately converged to the lowest final ΔE*. Resins B and C displayed relatively greater discoloration and loss of lightness. Regarding mechanical performance, A-2, A-3, and B maintained high adhesive strength before and after aging on PC, PMMA, and PVC; on EP, A-1 and A-3 demonstrated stable adhesion. PUR exhibited comparatively lower strength and durability, attributable to substrate surface conditions.
Reversibility was investigated by immersing each of the five substrates and five UV-Curable Resins in the three organic solvents and two inorganic solvents for 24 hours, followed by optical microscopy and measurements of mass change and surface hardness. The overall influence of solvents on the five substrates followed the order: ethanol > ethyl acetate > isopropyl alcohol > nitric acid > sodium hydroxide. Although inorganic solvents reacted more slowly than organic solvents, they promoted softening and separation of the adhesive layer. In particular, NaOH was assessed as potentially useful for localized application in actual artworks to adjust or manipulate adhesive layers.
In the practical application phase, treatment approaches derived from the experimental outcomes were applied to actual plastic artworks to verify rapid adhesion and to propose treatment protocols. Applicability limits were also examined to validate the practical utility of the UV-Curable Resins and to suggest their potential deployment in conservation practice.
This study assessed the applicability of five urethane acrylate–based UV-Curable Resins in combination with five principal plastic substrates relevant to contemporary plastic artworks. The findings provide quantitative evidence to support substrate selection, and they demonstrate the potential of novel resins to complement or replace Hxtal NYL-1 by addressing its limitations. These results are expected to serve as fundamental reference data for future research on conservation treatment of plastic artworks.