In this study, the electrochemical performance of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2, a high-capacity and high-power cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries, was enhanced through the co-doping of alkali metals and anion elements. Furthermore, the environment...
In this study, the electrochemical performance of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2, a high-capacity and high-power cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries, was enhanced through the co-doping of alkali metals and anion elements. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the synthesis process and materials was analyzed using Material Life Cycle Assessment (MLCA). Generally, strategies to improve electrochemical properties include: 1) control of particle size and morphology, 2) surface coating, and 3) hetero-element doping. In this research, both ionic conductivity and structural stability were improved by co-doping with alkali metals (Na, K), known to enhance ionic conductivity by expanding the c-axis of the Li-ion pathway, and an anion element (Cl), known to improve structural stability via O-site substitution. The results demonstrated that, compared to the pristine (bare) sample, the co-doped samples exhibited an expanded c-axis in the layered structure, reduced cation mixing, and a 1.5-fold increase in crystallinity. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the Na, K, and Cl co-doped samples achieved higher initial discharge capacity, significantly enhanced C-rate performance, and superior cycling stability. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis confirmed that the co-doped samples effectively suppressed the phase transition from a layered to a spinel structure after 100 cycles. Consequently, these samples exhibited lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) and a more than three-fold increase in the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient compared to the bare sample.The superior electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the dopants: the alkali metals enhanced Li+ conductivity by expanding the c-axis of the Li-ion pathway, while the anion element improved structural stability by reducing electronic repulsion between O-M-O layers during the Li+ insertion/extraction process through O-site substitution. Additionally, the environmental sustainability of the synthesis process and raw materials was evaluated through MLCA to assess their overall environmental impact.