In next-generation satellite communications and high-resolution radar systems, X-band beamforming architectures require RF front-ends that simultaneously achieve compact size, low power consumption, and high-precision phase control while integrating a...
In next-generation satellite communications and high-resolution radar systems, X-band beamforming architectures require RF front-ends that simultaneously achieve compact size, low power consumption, and high-precision phase control while integrating a large number of transmit/receive channels into a single chipset. In multi-channel phased-array systems, insertion loss accumulates due to passive switching networks, and phase and gain mismatches among channels degrade beam-steering performance. Therefore, the design of phase shifters and bidirectional amplifiers capable of compensating for passive losses while meeting stringent system requirements is a critical challenge.
In this work, a 7-bit phase shifter and a three-stage bidirectional amplifier suitable for an X-band four-channel beamforming transceiver chipset are designed and fabricated using a 65-nm CMOS process, and their performance is verified through measurements. The proposed phase shifter is based on a 100-Ω differential architecture and provides 128 discrete phase states with a resolution of 2.8°, covering a phase range of 0°–357.2°. Simplified T-type LC all-pass structures with reduced component counts are employed for the 2.8°, 5.625°, and 11.25° bits, while bridge T-type structures are used for the 22.5° and 45° bits. A switched-path architecture is adopted for the 90° bit, and a DPDT-based phase inversion structure is applied to the 180° bit, effectively reducing both insertion loss and phase error. The fabricated phase shifter occupies an area of 1230 × 750 μm² and achieves an insertion loss of less than 7 dB, an RMS phase error below 2.0°, and an RMS amplitude variation below 0.7 dB across the entire X-band.
The proposed bidirectional amplifier is positioned between the phase shifter and the antenna to compensate for losses introduced by passive signal paths. It is implemented as a three-stage gain amplifier with 100-Ω differential input and output interfaces. Modified cascode structures with source degeneration are applied to the first and third stages, while a conventional cascode structure is used in the second stage. Capacitive neutralization is introduced to enhance gain and stability in the X-band. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the amplifier occupies an area of 1150 × 750 μm² and exhibits a gain exceeding 20 dB, input/output return losses better than –10 dB, a noise figure below 12 dB, and input/output P1dB levels of approximately –25 dBm and –5 dBm, respectively, over the 9–11 GHz frequency range.
The measurement results demonstrate that the proposed CMOS phase shifter and bidirectional amplifier can serve as key reusable building blocks in X-band beamforming transceiver channels, effectively compensating for insertion loss and ensuring high phase accuracy in multi-channel systems. Furthermore, the designs show favorable area and power efficiency, contributing to enhanced integration density in multi-channel beamforming chipsets.