Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai Extract Mitigates PM10-Induced Skin Aging and Inflammation = Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai 추출물의 PM10 유발 피부 노화 및 염증 완화 효과

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is about the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai extract.
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a harmful environmental factor that accelerates skin aging and triggers inflammatory responses. PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) represents a heterogeneous mixture of airborne particles capable of penetrating the respiratory system and directly interacting with the skin surface. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai extract (KKE) against PM10-induced damage in human keratinocytes. HaCaT cells were pretreated with KKE prior to PM10 exposure, and MTT assay results showed that KKE exhibited no statistically significant cytotoxicity within the concentration range of 7.5–30 μg/mL. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, KKE significantly inhibited PM10-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) protein expression, mRNA levels, and transactivation activity, and markedly reduced the expression of inflammation-related mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), through inhibition of AP-1 and NF-κB signaling activation. Mechanistic analyses revealed that KKE inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 signaling components, including c-Raf, MEK1/2, and p90RSK. Finally, KKE significantly suppressed PM10-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Collectively, these findings suggest that KKE may serve as a promising bioactive agent for protecting the skin against PM10-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and premature aging, supporting its potential application in dermatological and cosmetic formulations.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction 1
• Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 4
• 2.1. Chemicals and Materials 4
• 2.2. Preparation of KKE 5
• 2.3. Cell Culture 5
• 2.4. Preparation of PM10 6
• 2.5. Cell Viability Analysis 6
• 2.6. Western Blot Analysis 7
• 2.7. Quantitative real-time PCR 8
• 2.8. GFP reporter assay 9
• 2.9. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 10
• 2.10. Reactive Oxygen Species Measurement 11
• 2.11. Statistical Analysis 11
• Ⅲ. Results 12
• 3.1. Cell Viability and MMP-1 Expression in PM10-Induced HaCaT Keratinocytes 12
• 3.2. Inhibitory Effects of KKE on PM10-Induced Inflammatory Responses in HaCaT Keratinocytes 16
• 3.3. KKE suppresses PM10-induced activation of AP-1 and NF-κB 19
• 3.4. KKE selectively inhibits PM10-induced phosphorylation of the c-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-p90RSK signaling cascade 21
• 3.5. KKE Exhibits ROS-Scavenging Activity in PM10-Induced HaCaT Keratinocytes 23
• Ⅳ. Discussion 25