경쟁적 심리분위기가 역할 외 행동에 미치는 영향: 선망의 매개효과 = Competitive psychological climate on extra-role behavior : the mediation effect of envy

국문 초록 (Abstract)

오늘날 수많은 조직들은 급변하는 기술과 시장 환경 속에서 기업의 생존을 걸며 치열하게 경쟁하고 있다. 그리고 조직이 겪는 경쟁과 그로 인한 위기의 식은 곧 조직 내부 분위기로 이어져 조직 내 광범위하게 확산된다. 그런데 “조직으로부터 받는 보상이 동료의 성과와 비교한 결과에 따라 달라진다는 것 을 인식하는 정도”로 정의되는 경쟁적 심리분위기(competitive psychological climate)가 조직 내 구성원들에게 인식될 경우, 구성원들이 전반적으로 어떠한 심리적 반응과 영향력 과정을 거쳐 어떠한 행동으로 반응하는지에 관한 실무 정보와 연구지식은 매우 부족한 상황이다. 또한 경쟁적 심리분위기가 조직의 운영과 성과에 긍정적 반응을 미친다는 연구결과와 부정적 반응을 미친다는 연구결과가 서로 혼재하고 있어, 조직들은 경쟁적 심리분위기를 정확하게 이 해하고 관리하는데 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이에 대하여 최근 일부 학자들은 경쟁적 심리분위기의 2중적 경로구조(dual process model)를 주장하며, 서로 상충을 이루는 긍정적 반응과 부정적 반응 의 공존 가능성을 제안하였으며, 다른 학자들은 그간 경쟁적 심리분위기에 대한 조사가 다소 단순하고 광범위한 차원에서 이루어진 점을 지적하며, 구 성원 개인수준에서 벌어지는 구체적 심리과정에 초점을 맞춘 경험연구의 축 적이 필요하다고 주장하였다.

이에 본 연구는 환경 자극이 구성원의 정서를 거쳐 역할 외 행동으로 이어 지는 과정을 설명하는 선행연구의 모형을 바탕으로, 구성원들이 조직의 경쟁 적 심리분위기라는 업무환경을 인식한 후 표출하는 반응에 대해 연구하였다. 구체적으로 경쟁적 심리분위기에 대한 직접적인 정서반응과 그 이후 나타나는 역할 외 행동반응을 검증하여, 경쟁적 심리분위기에 의해 야기되는 구체적 행 동반응 경로구조의 기본체계를 정리하고자 하였다. 또한 그 행동반응이 선행 연구가 언급하고 있는 바와 같이 긍정적 반응과 부정적 반응을 모두 포괄하는 2중 경로구조를 가지는지에 대해서도 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우선 경쟁적 심리분위기에 대한 첫 번째 반응으로 “선망(envy)” 이라는 정서반응에 주목하였다. 선망은 “갖고 싶지만 아직 가지지 못한 우월 한 자질·성취·소유물을 이미 향유하고 있는 타인을 인식하는 데서 비롯되는 열등감, 적개심, 분노의 불쾌하고 고통스러운 정서반응”으로 정의되는데, 선행 연구들은 경쟁적 심리분위기와 같은 상황에서 대표적으로 촉발될 수 있는 정 서로 선망을 지적하기 때문이다. 한편 선망 또한 우월한 타인을 끌어내리려는 악의적 선망(malicious envy)과 자신도 우월한 타인만큼 성장하려는 우호적 선망(benign envy)으로 구분되는 2중 구조(dual approach)로 나뉨에 따라, 본 연구는 경쟁적 심리분위기에서 최종 행동반응으로 나아가는 경로에서 악의적 선망과 우호적 선망이 각각 매개변수로 작용할 것이라 상정하였다. 나아가 경쟁적 심리분위기의 두 번째 반응으로는 구성원들의 행동반응에 주목하였다. 특히 구성원의 다양한 직무행동(job behavior) 중에서도 과업행 동(in-role behavior) 보다 역할 외 행동(extra- role behavior)에 연구 초점을 두었다. 역할 외 행동은 “과업행동과 간접적으로 연계되지만, 공식적으로 요 구되지 않기 때문에 재량적이고 자발적인 의지로 행하는 직무행동”을 의미하 는데, 개인의 심리적 과정에 따른 정서와 행동 반응은 인위적인 관리통제를 받으며 규칙화되어 있는 과업행동보다, 널리 자율성이 허용되는 역할 외 행 동에서 그 기본 성향이 더욱 선명하고 솔직하게 드러나기 때문이다. 이에 따라 역할 외 행동을 긍정적 차원과 부정적 차원으로 구분하여, 조직 시민행동(organizational citizenship behavior, OCB)과 일탈행동(counter productive work behavior, CWB)으로 나누고, OCB와 CWB를 다시 행동지향 대상에 따라 대인지향과 조직지향으로 구분하여, 경쟁적 심리분위기가 위 2 가지 선망 정서반응 후 OCBI, OCBO, CWBI, CWBO의 4가지 역할 외 행동 들에 각각 어떠한 영향력 관계가 전개되는 지를 분석해 보고자 하였다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 경쟁적 심리분위기가 우호적·악의적 선망을 각각 매개하여 OCBI·OCBO·CWBI·CWBO로 이어지는 영향력 관계에 관한 가설과 연구모형 을 설정하였다.

가설을 검증하기 위해 일반적으로 성과, 인센티브 및 승진 등이 결정되는 연말·연초 시기에 약 1개월간 총 2회에 걸쳐 전국 20-40대 남녀 일반 직장인 들의 응답 총 400개 샘플을 수집하였다. 이 중에서 불성실 응답을 제거한 388 개 샘플을 바탕으로 연구가설을 분석하였으며, 확인된 연구결과들을 크게 다 음 3가지로 정리하였다. 첫째, 조직구성원 개인수준에서 경쟁적 심리분위기는 각각 우호적 및 악의 적 선망정서에 정적인 영향력 관계를 가진다는 사실을 발견하였다. 둘째, 우 호적 선망정서는 OCBI·OCBO와 각각 정적관계를, CWBI·CWBO와는 각각 부적 관계를 가지고 있었다. 반대로 악의적 선망정서는 OCBI·OCBO와 각각 부적관계를, CWBI·CWBO와는 각각 정적 관계를 가진다는 사실을 확인하였다. 셋째, 경쟁적 심리분위기와 OCBI·OCBO·CWBI·CWBO 영향력 관계에서, 우호 적 선망과 악의적 선망이 유의미한 매개역할을 수행한다는 사실도 검증하였 다. 이를 통해 경쟁적 심리분위기에서 긍정적 행동반응과 부정적 행동반응이 공존할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 일부 선행연구들이 제기한 바와 같이, 경쟁적 심리분위기에 대한 반응이 2중 프로세스 구조로 나타날 수 있는 사실을 검증 하였다.

이처럼 본 연구는 기본적으로 환경인지 - 정서반응 - 행동반응으로 이어지 는 심리적 전개과정을 토대로, 경쟁적 심리분위기가 선망이라는 정서를 매개 로 구성원들의 다양한 역할 외 행동에 미치는 기본적 경로과정에 대한 체계를 정리하며 이론적 함의와 실무적 시사점을 제공하였으며, 연구의 말미에는 한 계점과 향후 연구 방향을 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Organizations today operate in rapidly changing technological and market environments, facing intense competition that often permeates internal climates and shapes employees’ perceptions and emotions. When employees perceive a competitive psychological climate (CPC)—the belief that organizational rewards depend on comparisons with colleagues—they may show diverse emotional and behavioral reactions. However, practical and theoretical understanding of the specific psychological mechanisms linking CPC to employees’ behaviors remains limited, and prior findings have shown inconsistent positive and negative effects.

This study investigates the emotional and behavioral processes through which CPC influences employees’ extra-role behaviors. Drawing on theoretical models that describe how environmental stimuli evoke emotional responses and subsequently shape discretionary behaviors, the study examines envy as a primary affective reaction to CPC. Envy is conceptualized in two forms—benign envy, which motivates self-improvement, and malicious envy, which evokes resentment and undermining intentions. Based on this dual approach, both forms of envy are proposed as mediators linking CPC to four extra-role behaviors: OCBI, OCBO, CWBI, and CWBO.

Survey data were collected twice over a one-month period during the end-of-year evaluation season, yielding 388 valid responses from Korean employees. The results show that CPC positively predicts both benign and malicious envy. Benign envy increases OCBI and OCBO while decreasing CWBI and CWBO, whereas malicious envy exhibits the opposite behavioral patterns. Furthermore, both forms of envy significantly mediate the relationships between CPC and all four extra-role behaviors, demonstrating the coexistence of constructive and destructive behavioral responses within competitive climates.

Overall, the study clarifies the dual process nature of CPC and identifies the emotional mechanisms through which competitive climates shape employees’ discretionary behaviors. These findings offer theoretical and practical implications for understanding and managing competitive work environments.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 ········································································································1
• 제1절 문제의 제기 ·····················································································1
• 제2절 연구목적 및 연구과제···································································5
• 제3절 논문의 구성 ·····················································································9
• 제2장 이론적 배경 ······················································································· 11
• 제1절 경쟁적 심리분위기 ·······································································11
• 1. 조직의 심리분위기의 인식과 경쟁··············································11
• 2. 경쟁적 심리분위기의 개념과 특징··············································14
• 3. 경쟁적 심리분위기의 연구발전 ····················································18
• 4. 경쟁적 심리분위기의 2중 프로세스에 대한 이론적 기반······23
• 5. 경쟁적 심리분위기에 대한 국내 연구 동향······························31
• 제2절 경쟁적 심리분위기의 1차 반응 (정서반응) ··························· 34
• 1. 경쟁적 심리분위기와 정서 ····························································34
• 2. 선망의 정의와 선행연구 동향······················································37
• 3. 선망의 유형과 본질 ········································································42
• 4. 선망의 반응 (재량행동 촉발에서 정서의 중심적 역할) ········ 51
• 제3절 경쟁적 심리분위기의 2차 반응 (행동반응) ··························· 59
• 1. 경쟁적 심리분위기와 행동반응 ····················································59
• 2. 직무행동 (과업행동과 역할 외 행동) ········································ 60
• 3. 경쟁적 심리분위기와 역할 외 행동 ············································62
• 4. 역할 외 행동의 유형······································································63
• 제3장 연구 가설 및 모형 ···········································································79
• 제1절 연구가설·························································································79
• 1. 경쟁적 심리분위기와 선망의 관계··············································79
• 2. 선망과 역할 외 행동의 관계 ························································84
• 3. 선망의 매개 역할 ··········································································101
• 제2절 연구모형·······················································································104
• 제4장 연구방법 ··························································································· 105
• 제1절 연구설계 및 자료수집 ·······························································105
• 1. 연구설계 ··························································································105
• 2. 자료수집 ··························································································105
• 제2절 변수의 조작적 정의 및 측정도구 ···········································107
• 1. 경쟁적 심리분위기········································································107
• 2. 선망 ··································································································107
• 3. OCB (OCBI 및 OCBO) ······························································ 108
• 4. CWB (CWBI 및 CWBO) ··························································· 108
• 5. 통제변수 ··························································································108
• 제3절 연구표본의 특성 ·········································································110
• 제4절 분석방법·······················································································112
• 제5장 분석결과 ··························································································· 114
• 제1절 자료분석·······················································································114
• 1. 기술통계랑 및 상관관계 분석····················································114
• 2. 신뢰도 및 정규성 분석································································117
• 3. 동일방법 편의 분석 ······································································118
• 제2절 확인적 요인분석 ·········································································120
• 1. 문항묶음 ··························································································120
• 2. 측정모형의 확인적 요인분석 ······················································123
• 3. 측정모형의 적합도 분석 ······························································126
• 4. 측정모형의 신뢰도와 타당도 분석············································128
• 제3절 구조모형 검정 ·············································································131
• 1. 구조모형의 적합도 분석 ······························································131
• 2. 연구모형과 대안모형의 비교 및 평가 ······································132
• 3. 구조모형의 검정 ············································································135
• 4. 통제모형의 검정 ············································································146
• 5. 연구가설 검정결과 종합 및 정리 ··············································148
• 제6장 논의 ····································································································149
• 제1절 연구의 학문적 가치와 함의 ·····················································149
• 1. 경쟁적 심리분위기와 선망 ··························································149
• 2. 선망과 역할 외 행동····································································151
• 3. 선망의 매개역할 ············································································154
• 4. 경쟁적 심리분위기의 2중 프로세스 경로 구조 ······················155
• 제2절 연구의 실무적 시사점 ·································································157
• 제7장 결론 ····································································································160
• 제1절 연구결과 요약 ·············································································160
• 제2절 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구과제 ···············································164
• 참고문헌 ··········································································································176
• 부록 ··················································································································228
• 영문요약 ··········································································································233