This study analyzed the effect of CEO brand image on customer loyalty among the general public and examined the mediating effects of CEO reputation and corporate reputation in this relationship. In particular, the study sought to identify differences ...
This study analyzed the effect of CEO brand image on customer loyalty among the general public and examined the mediating effects of CEO reputation and corporate reputation in this relationship. In particular, the study sought to identify differences in these effects by conducting a comparative analysis between general consumers and a group of business owners within the survey sample.
The research background can be understood in light of policy shifts that emphasize on fostering entrepreneurs and enterprises rather than focusing solely on job creations. In recent years, not only youth entrepreneurship but also post-retirement entrepreneurial activity has increased, and policies supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and venture startups have expanded in scale. From a broader socio-temporal perspective, the digital era has seen a rise in online-centered freelance work and one-person enterprises, accompanied by a growing tendency to build personal brands. Changes within industry also constitute an important contextual factor. Interest in CEO brand management and CEO reputation has increased sharply among large corporations, and companies have proactively engaged in shaping CEOs’ personal images as part of crisis management and preventive strategies.
From an academic standpoint, limitations in previous research samples must be noted. Research on CEO image has traditionally focused on CEOs of large corporations, indicating the need for studies targeting CEOs of SMEs and venture startups. Another limitation concerns sample composition. Compared to studies centered on general consumers who merely recognize large-corporation CEOs, there is a growing need for research that includes entrepreneurs—the primary agents of CEO image management—as a key sample group.
The necessity of this study arises, first, from the limitations of prior researches. Research on personal brand building and brand image formation among corporate CEOs must now advance further. As entrepreneurship promotion policies expand and the number of small enterprises increases, industrial demand for CEO personal brand construction and brand image management is inevitably growing. This demand is expected to increase not only among SMEs but also among micro-businesses and sole proprietors. Large corporations have likewise experienced a paradigm shift in management, placing greater emphasis on CEO brand personality, brand equity, and the development of a president identity that represents the organization. Despite this, practical and applied research in this area remains insufficient. At a time when more practice-oriented academic research is needed to support corporate management and industrial development, this study was conducted to provide meaningful implications for developing the image of corporate leaders.
The purpose of this study is to examine whether the CEO image developed through personal branding has a positive effect on customer loyalty toward the firm, thereby confirming the importance of CEO brand image management. In addition, the study aims to verify whether public judgments, evaluations, and perceptions—such as CEO reputation and corporate reputation—mediate the relationship between CEO personal brand image and customer loyalty, thereby highlighting the importance of reputation management.
In accordance with the research objectives, one goal of the survey-based statistical analysis was to identify the sub-dimensional components of CEO brand image that function as key independent variables. Another objective was to distinguish business owners with entrepreneurial experience who were currently maintaining their businesses from general consumers and to determine whether differences emerged in the structural relationships among the variables.
Based on existing theories and prior studies, a research model was proposed and hypotheses were established, which were tested using the SPSS statistical analysis program. For the empirical analysis, a survey was conducted from April 20 to June 30, 2025, targeting 440 members of the general public. Among them, two groups were compared: 244 general consumers as corporate customers and 196 business owners who operated their own companies.
A total of 440 questionnaires were collected online, and all responses were retained for analysis, as no invalid or insincere responses were identified. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21.0 and proceeded through descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity testing, intergroup difference analysis, and hypothesis testing via regression analysis.
Factor analysis of the independent variable, CEO brand image, yielded five sub-dimensions: competence and expertise (competence), qualifications and leadership (qualifications), character and human warmth (character), communication capability (communication), and image and external conditions (external conditions). The statistically analyzed results are summarized as follows.
First, CEO brand image was found to have a significant positive effect on customer loyalty. Among its sub-factors, qualifications, character, and external conditions exerted significant effects.
Second, CEO brand image had a significant positive effect on CEO reputation, with competence, qualifications, character, and communication showing significant influences.
Third, CEO brand image also had a significant positive effect on corporate reputation, with competence, qualifications, character, and external conditions emerging as significant factors.
Fourth, CEO reputation had a significant positive effect on customer loyalty.
Fifth, corporate reputation likewise had a significant positive effect on customer loyalty.
Sixth, CEO reputation exhibited a partial mediating effect between CEO brand image and customer loyalty, particularly mediating the effects of qualifications and character.
Seventh, corporate reputation also demonstrated a partial mediating effect in the relationship between CEO brand image and customer loyalty, mediating the effects of qualifications, character, and external conditions.
Comparative analysis between the business owner group and the consumer group produced the following findings.
First, both groups shared a structurally common characteristic in emphasizing personal attributes—such as qualifications and character—among CEO brand image sub-dimensions in forming customer loyalty.
Second, whereas the business owner group primarily based their evaluations on internal factors such as qualifications and character, general consumers tended to consider a broader range of factors, including external conditions, when forming judgments related to customer loyalty.
Based on these hypothesis-testing results, the following conclusions were drawn.
First, consistent with the study’s research focus, CEO brand image was shown to have a significant effect on customer loyalty. Among the sub-dimensions of CEO brand image, internal factors such as qualifications and character played a more prominent role in generating customer loyalty than external conditions or outward communication.
Second, in the relationship through which CEO brand image enhances customer loyalty, CEO reputation and corporate reputation were found to function as mediating facilitators, particularly with respect to internal factors such as qualifications and character. This finding underscores the importance of managing CEO and corporate reputation alongside efforts to enhance personal brand image.
Third, significant differences emerged between the business owner group and the general consumer group across certain sub-dimensions. Business owners emphasized internal CEO factors such as qualifications and character as key management priorities, whereas consumers also considered external and visible elements when evaluating business leaders. This suggests that while business owners prioritize internal attributes when forming CEO brand images, they must also manage the external factors that customers consider in their evaluations.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that managing CEO brand image contributes to the enhancement of corporate customer loyalty and confirmed the importance of internal factors such as qualifications and character within CEO brand image. These findings provide guidance on which elements should be emphasized when managing CEO image and constructing or redefining a personal brand.
The significance of this study lies in its inclusion of entrepreneurs as a research sample, rather than focusing solely on general consumers. By surveying respondents who were currently operating businesses or had entrepreneurial experience, the study was able to capture how entrepreneurs themselves perceive the importance of CEO image. Another contribution is that, while prior studies had confirmed the mediating effect of corporate reputation in the relationship between CEO brand image and customer loyalty, this study additionally verified the mediating role of CEO reputation.
This research offers important implications for industry by providing academic confirmation that building brand image based on a CEO’s personal image is crucial within corporate organizations. The findings indicate that both corporate reputation and CEO reputation should be treated as key targets of managerial oversight. In particular, responses from SME and startup entrepreneurs highlight the necessity of managing the personal brand of representative CEOs, especially with regard to qualifications and character. Given the increasing number of micro-enterprises and sole proprietorships, this study holds strong contemporary relevance, as its implications extend beyond large corporations to include SMEs, small business owners, venture firms, and other small-scale enterprises.
While expanding sample sizes and diversifying target populations would enhance the generalizability of the findings, future research should also focus on stakeholders such as entrepreneurs, CEOs, and corporate PR professionals rather than general consumers alone. To overcome the study’s limitations, future research should conduct more detailed and nuanced analyses of the factors constituting CEO brand image and identify which elements are most directly linked to enhancing corporate image. Such follow-up studies are expected to contribute meaningfully to corporate performance and industrial development through improved CEO image management and CEO brand construction.
Keywords: Personal Brand, CEO Image, CEO Brand Image, Competence, Qualifications, Character, Communication, External Conditions, CEO Reputation, Corporate Reputation, Customer Loyalty