This study aims to develop highly fluorine-resistant Y2O3 ceramic coatings for dry-etch components used in semiconductor and display manufacturing, using the Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) process, and to systematically elucidate the relationships betw...
This study aims to develop highly fluorine-resistant Y2O3 ceramic coatings for dry-etch components used in semiconductor and display manufacturing, using the Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) process, and to systematically elucidate the relationships between process parameters, slurry characteristics, coating microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluorine plasma resistance. In current industrial practice, Al2O3 and Y2O3 ceramic coatings are predominantly deposited by atmospheric plasma spray (APS). Although APS enables rapid formation of coatings thicker than 100 µm at relatively low cost, the process inherently generates coarse pores (>3 µm) and splat-type defects due to the use of large molten particles, which significantly limit coating lifetime and plasma resistance under high-density fluorocarbon plasmas. SPS has emerged as a promising alternative for producing dense Y2O3 coatings. However, a quantitative understanding of its process–structure–property relationships remains limited for dry-etch chamber applications.
In this work, flat coupons made of Aluminum 6061-T651, which widely used in semiconductor and display equipment, were employed as substrates and commercial Y2O3 suspensions were used as feedstock. The suspension particle size (D₅₀) was in the range of 0.5 to 10 µm and the solid content was between 15 and 35 wt%. Plasma power (80–100 kW), argon flow rate (160–180 SLM), stand-off distance (75–100 mm), and water-shroud flow rate (280–320 mL/min) were evaluated as the process parameters. The resulting coatings were characterized by cross-sectional and surface SEM observations, coating thickness and deposition efficiency, micro-Vickers hardness, and porosity. Fluorine plasma resistance was evaluated using an ICP etching system (Lam research company, CF4 plasma, 1 kW / 300 W, 13.56 MHz) by measuring the mass loss of Y2O3 coated coupons after 10 hours of exposure. In addition, a Spray Watch system was employed to measure in-flight particle temperature and velocity, enabling a direct link between plasma conditions, particle state, and coating properties.
The results showed that larger suspension particle sizes increased coating thickness and deposition efficiency, while simultaneously promoting horizontal cracking and unmelted particles due to reduced melting efficiency in the plasma. In contrast, suspensions with intermediate particle size and well-balanced size distribution produced dense microstructures with low porosity and stable coating quality. The conditions were therefore selected as the baseline material for further process optimization. Increasing solid loading in the suspension enhanced coating efficiency and thickness; however, it also reduced the available thermal energy per particle, resulting in an increased fraction of partially melted particles and internal defects. Interestingly, coating hardness increased with suspension concentration, which is attributed to the local strengthening effect of embedded solid particles, despite their detrimental influence on coating integrity.
With respect to plasma parameters, increasing plasma power improved particle melting, leading to higher coating hardness and reduced porosity. Nevertheless, at 100 kW, a pronounced splat flattening effect was observed: fully molten particles impacted the substrate with high kinetic energy and low viscosity, spreading excessively and thereby reducing the effective coating build-up per particle. As a result, deposition efficiency decreased despite improvements in microstructural densification. A similar non-linear behavior was observed for argon flow rate. Higher Ar flow elongated the plasma plume and increased gas velocity, promoting particle heating and flattening and thus enhancing hardness. However, at 180 SLM, excessive particle momentum caused over-flattening, again reducing deposition efficiency. Increasing stand-off distance led to enhanced in-flight cooling, promoting partially molten droplets and higher porosity with lower hardness, whereas too short distances induced high-velocity impacts and splash-induced porosity.
Water-shroud flow rate strongly influenced both coating quality and process stability. Moderate water-shroud flow suppressed oxygen ingress and reduced turbulence around the plasma jet, forming a stable column and improving deposition efficiency and microstructural uniformity. However, excessive water-shroud flow caused over-cooling of in-flight particles, decreasing melting degree and promoting higher porosity and reduced hardness. Conversely, insufficient water-shroud flow resulted in poor shielding and enhanced turbulence, leading to unstable particle trajectories, incomplete melting, and degraded coating properties.
Plasma etching tests revealed that the conditions with relatively high porosity (larger particle size, lower Ar flow, lower water-shroud flow) exhibited slightly lower mass loss. This counterintuitive behavior is attributed to a higher fraction of closed pores and partially melted aggregates, which effectively reduce the accessible reactive surface area rather than acting as open diffusion paths for fluorine radicals. XRD analysis confirmed that all coatings maintained essentially the same Y2O3 phase irrespective of process conditions, indicating that differences in etch resistance originate from microstructural variations rather than phase transformations. Spray Watch measurements showed that a water-shroud flow of 300 mL/min yielded the highest in-flight particle temperature and velocity under 100 kW plasma power and 180 SLM Ar flow, corresponding to the most favorable balance between oxidation suppression, turbulence reduction, and thermal energy transfer. Under these optimized conditions, coating hardness and microstructural density were maximized.
In summary, this study experimentally clarifies how suspension parameters (particle size and concentration) and plasma spraying conditions (power, Ar flow, stand-off distance, water-shroud flow) collectively govern particle melting and flight behavior, coating microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluorine plasma resistance in SPS-deposited Y2O3 coatings. Coating hardness was found to correlate strongly with plasma etch resistance, suggesting that hardness can serve as a practical quality index for SPS-processed Y2O3 coatings. The optimized parameter set (e.g., plasma power of 100 kW, Ar flow of 180 SLM, stand-off distance of 80 mm, water-shroud flow of 300 mL/min combined with intermediate particle size and concentration) produced dense Y2O3 coatings with superior plasma resistance compared with typical APS coatings. The process–microstructure–performance database established in this work provides a practical guideline for designing high-density, plasma-resistant coatings for 3D V-NAND and OLED oxide dry-etch components and can be extended to other ceramic systems such as TiO2 and ZrO2 in future SPS applications.