The rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market is driving continuous innovation
in battery technology. In particular, increasing the integration and energy density of
battery packs to extend driving range and boost output has become a central tr...
The rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market is driving continuous innovation
in battery technology. In particular, increasing the integration and energy density of
battery packs to extend driving range and boost output has become a central trend.
However, rising energy density within a limited volume inevitably intensifies internal heat generation. Lithium-ion batteries operate optimally within a very narrow
temperature window of approximately 25-40℃; deviations from this range accelerate
performance degradation and shorten cycle life due to increased internal resistance.
Moreover, high temperature can induce electrolyte decomposition and gas generation,
elevating internal pressure and triggering thermal runaway that propagates from an
initiating cell to its neighbors, thus posing a serious threat to system safety.
Consequently, designing an efficient Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that
limits the pack’s peak temperature and minimizes cell-to-cell temperature spread to
within 5℃ is on of the most critical prerequisites for ensuring the reliability and safety
of EV technology.
Battery thermal management approaches are broadly categorized into air cooling and
liquid cooling. Air cooling offers structural simplicity and low cost, but its cooling
effectiveness is inherently limited by air’s low heat-transfer coefficient and heat capacity,
making it inadequate for effectively controlling the heat generation of large, high-power
packs (e.g., 100kW class). By contrast, liquid cooling circulates coolant through internal cooling plates to remove heat, providing markedly superior cooling performance, It is also
advantageous for maintaining temperature uniformity across the pack, and is therefore
widely adopted for high-capacity, high-power battery systems.
This study focuses on maximizing the efficiency of a liquid-cooling system to
enhance the thermal performance of a 100kW class EV battery pack. To improve
heat-transfer efficiency in conventional flat cooling plates and heatsinks, we target an
increase in effective contact area and propose a new cooling architecture that introduces
engineered surface textures (surface-relief features) on the cooling plate and heatsink
surfaces.
To quantitatively verify the thermal-management performance of the proposed system
and identify optimal design variables, we modeled a 100kW-class battery-pack
system-including the dimpled heatsinks and cooling plate-using the 3D CAD software
CATIA. We then performed numerical simulations with the commercial CFD package
Ansys Fluent