This study proposes an optimization-based framework for the design, propagation, and maintenance control of Repeat Ground Track (RGT) orbits, in which the initial orbital elements are optimized to satisfy RGT repeat conditions while ensuring long-term...
This study proposes an optimization-based framework for the design, propagation, and maintenance control of Repeat Ground Track (RGT) orbits, in which the initial orbital elements are optimized to satisfy RGT repeat conditions while ensuring long-term repeatability under realistic perturbation environments. An RGT orbit is characterized by the repetition of the satellite ground track over a fixed cycle and is widely used in repetitive observation and periodic regional monitoring missions. However, in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), continuous perturbations such as Earth’s nonspherical gravity and atmospheric drag prevent the natural preservation of repeat conditions, necessitating a systematic design and control approach.
To address this issue, the RGT design problem is formulated as a two-stage optimization problem. In the first stage, the semi-major axis, inclination, and right ascension of the ascending node are optimized to determine the geometric configuration of the orbital plane, such that the RGT repeat condition is satisfied and the target position vector lies on the orbital plane. In the second stage, the true anomaly is introduced as an additional optimization variable to precisely adjust the initial orbital phase, ensuring that the satellite’s sub-satellite point (SSP) passes over a designated target location at a specified time.
To evaluate the operational feasibility of the designed RGT orbit, a high-fidelity orbit propagation environment is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, incorporating Earth’s nonspherical gravity and atmospheric drag based on the NRLMSISE-00 atmospheric model. Propagation results show that, under uncontrolled conditions, perturbations and initial errors accumulate over time, leading to gradual degradation of the repeat cycle and increasing SSP errors. To maintain long-term repeatability, an LQI-based orbit maintenance controller is designed using the semi-major axis error as the control objective. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy effectively suppresses variations in the semi-major axis and reduces SSP position errors by approximately 90%.
This study formulates RGT mission design as an operational orbit design problem in which orbital plane design, initial phase optimization, and orbit maintenance control are sequentially integrated. The proposed methodology provides a practical and systematic approach for the design and operation of LEO satellite systems requiring sustained ground track repeatability for repetitive observation and periodic tracking missions.