With the rapid advancement of digital media technologies, China’s live
commerce market has evolved beyond a simple product-selling channel into a
complex consumer cultural space characterized by real-time interaction and
emotional engagement. In thi...
With the rapid advancement of digital media technologies, China’s live
commerce market has evolved beyond a simple product-selling channel into a
complex consumer cultural space characterized by real-time interaction and
emotional engagement. In this environment, influencers function as key media
agents who capture consumers’ attention and trigger their behavioral responses.
However, prior research has largely focused on listing influencer attributes in a
fragmented manner and identifying only linear relationships with purchase
intention. As a result, it has limitations in explaining the structural mechanisms
through which consumers’ psychological relationships with influencers deepen
and ultimately lead to immersive experiences.
To address these gaps, this study aims to empirically identify the structural
pathways through which the multidimensional characteristics of influencers lead
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to psychological immersion, mediated by consumers’ active participation, based
on the S-O-R paradigm. Specifically, drawing on the Elaboration Likelihood
Model (ELM), emotional contagion theory, and immersion theory, this study
conceptualizes influencer characteristics as two second-order higher constructs—
emotional factors and cognitive factors—and subdivides consumer participation
into observational, conversational, and behavioral dimensions.
A survey was conducted with 500 consumers who had experience using
Chinese live commerce platforms. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS
26.0 and AMOS 24.0 through frequency analysis, reliability and validity
assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling
(SEM). The major findings are as follows.
First, the second-order factor structure of perceived influencer characteristics
was validated. Perceptions of popularity, expressiveness, and attractiveness
converged into emotional factors, while perceptions of expertise and credibility
converged into cognitive factors, showing excellent model fit. This suggests that
live commerce influencers serve as sources of complex influence that
simultaneously stimulate consumers’ affective (peripheral route) and cognitive
(central route) processing.
Second, emotional and cognitive factors displayed differentiated structural
relationships with the three types of consumer participation. Emotional factors
showed significant positive effects on all participation types—observational,
conversational, and behavioral—and were most strongly associated with
observational participation. This indicates that influencers’ attractiveness and
emotional expressiveness are key mechanisms that draw visual attention and
lower psychological entry barriers. Conversely, cognitive factors were
significantly associated with all participation types, but demonstrated stronger
explanatory power for conversational participation, suggesting that expertise and
credibility stimulate consumers’ intellectual curiosity and encourage active
questioning and communication.