Under the Paris Agreement, Parties are expected to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) primarily through domestic mitigation. At the same time, many Parties have explored Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) as a c...
Under the Paris Agreement, Parties are expected to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) primarily through domestic mitigation. At the same time, many Parties have explored Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) as a complementary means to support NDC achievement. In this context, the forest sector and Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) have emerged as key options due to their cost-effectiveness and mitigation potential. However, discussion remains limited on two closely related questions: through which institutional pathway under Article 6 National/Subnational REDD+ results can be used as international mitigation outcomes, and which countries should be prioritized as cooperation partners when institutional and environmental conditions are jointly considered. Against this backdrop, a practical cooperation strategy under the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities requires an integrated framework that links institutional readiness with forest potential and integrity risks.
This study pursues two objectives. First, it compares cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 and the Article 6.4 mechanism from the perspective of using National/Subnational REDD+ results under Article 6. Second, it develops a country typology and cooperation strategies for 34 REDD+ implementing countries by constructing two indices, the Institutional Readiness Index (R_index) and the Forest Potential-Integrity Risk Index (F_index), and integrating them with Article 6 implementation types (dual-track, 6.4-dominant, and low 6.x readiness).
Methodologically, the study integrates institutional assessment with a remote sensing based assessment using global geospatial datasets within a single quantitative framework. R_index is derived from REDD+ and Article 6-related official submissions to the UNFCCC (including FREL/FRL, NFMS, SIS, SOI, and Initial Reports) and governance indicators (WGI and CPI). F_index is constructed using global remote-sensing datasets (ESA WorldCover, CCI Biomass, and Hansen Global Forest Change) to jointly capture forest carbon potential and integrity risks associated with recent forest loss dynamics and fragmentation. By combining the Article 6 implementation types with the R_index–F_index space, the study reconstructs partner options into a multidimensional map that links institutions, environmental conditions, and feasible Article 6 pathways.
Results show that the Article 6.4 mechanism offers stronger environmental integrity through more stringent requirements for baselines, additionality, permanence, and leakage management, but entails complex procedures and higher transaction costs. In contrast, Article 6.2 provides greater flexibility and stronger linkage with national REDD+ systems, making it advantageous as an entry pathway for early-stage ITMOs acquisition through National/Subnational activities. R_index patterns indicate a high-capacity cluster in parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia, while several Central African countries form a lower-capacity cluster; dual-track and 6.4-dominant countries tend to concentrate in the upper range of R_index, whereas low 6.x readiness countries are concentrated in the lower range. F_index results indicate that many countries combine high forest potential with elevated integrity risks due to accelerated forest loss and fragmentation, while countries such as Indonesia and Viet Nam are classified as high-potential and relatively lower-risk. The correlation between R_index and F_index is not statistically significant, confirming that the two indices provide complementary information.
Based on these findings, the study proposes four cooperation strategy types. HighR–HighF countries with dual-track or 6.4-dominant profiles are top-priority partners for combined Article 6.2 and 6.4 portfolios. Within this group, A1 countries (e.g., Indonesia and Viet Nam) reflect “Domestic-first” positions that prioritize NDC achievement and allow ITMO transfers mainly for surplus outcomes, while A2 countries (e.g., Brazil and Chile) are relatively more open and transfer-oriented. HighR–LowF countries (e.g., India and Mexico) can function as institutional and knowledge hubs for MRV, methodologies, and nesting rules. LowR–HighF countries (e.g., Madagascar and Zimbabwe) require staged support including Result-based payment (RBP), legal and institutional strengthening, and capacity building. LowR–LowF countries (e.g., Bolivia, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) are better suited for non-market and adaptation-oriented cooperation. Overall, the framework provides a decision-support tool for designing REDD+-based Article 6 cooperation strategies under resource and capacity constraints, aligned with the goals of the Paris Agreement and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.