This study aimed to evaluate how biofilm composition influences microbial survival during freeze–thaw processes that simulate frozen food processing environments, in order to assess potential food safety risks. Specifically, single-species biofilms ...
This study aimed to evaluate how biofilm composition influences microbial survival during freeze–thaw processes that simulate frozen food processing environments, in order to assess potential food safety risks. Specifically, single-species biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and dual-species biofilms (LP) were formed on stainless-steel surfaces. Each biofilm was subjected to freezing at −80°C (RF) or −20°C (SF), followed by thawing at 4°C (CT) or 25°C (RT). LM, which contained less extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), showed reduced biomass after freeze–thaw. However, PA and LP, both rich in EPS, exhibited little loss of biomass. Among the freeze–thaw conditions, the highest viable cell counts for LM and PA were observed under the SF–CT condition (4.79 ± 0.22 and 7.67 ± 0.17 Log CFU/cm², respectively). Larger temperature fluctuations, such as RF–RT, increased cell damage and depolarization, leading to cell death. In contrast, LP, which contained the highest amount of EPS, showed no significant differences among freeze–thaw conditions. Notably, L. monocytogenes in LP was protected through interactions with P. aeruginosa, maintaining viability after freeze–thaw exposure. Furthermore, virulence-related gene expression increased in all biofilms following treatment. These findings indicate that EPS maintain biofilm structural stability and protect cells from temperature fluctuations, suggesting that biofilms may act as potential food safety hazards in frozen food processing environments. Therefore, developing advanced control strategies that integrate microbial interactions and biofilm dynamics is essential to ensure hygiene in processing facilities.