Cellular processes such as metabolism, differentiation, and immune responses are regulated by gene regulation, making transcription monitoring essential for interrogating these phenomena in living systems. However, most existing transcription-monitori...
Cellular processes such as metabolism, differentiation, and immune responses are regulated by gene regulation, making transcription monitoring essential for interrogating these phenomena in living systems. However, most existing transcription-monitoring approaches operate at the mRNA or protein level and often require cell lysis or consume target mRNA. Moreover, direct transcription monitoring at the DNA level remains limited. Here, we develop a triplex forming oligonucleotide (TFO)-based DNA triplex nanoprobe, termed Triplex based Reporter for Intracellular Transcription (TRIT), to enable non-destructive and non- consumptive transcription monitoring in living cells. TRIT integrates a purine TFO–dsDNA fluorophore–quencher pair with a nuclear-delivery-capable carrier and is designed to function stable under physiological pH conditions, leveraging the intrinsic properties of purine TFOs. In the quenched TFO–dsDNA triplex state, transcriptional activation increases chromatin accessibility, allowing the TFO to approach to an exposed genomic target sequence and thereby the fluorescence intensity increases. Consequently, treating transcriptionally active cells with TRIT results in enhanced nuclear fluorescence, reflecting probe activation driven by target engagement. This mechanism provides a route to intracellular transcription monitoring in living cells without cell destruction or mRNA consumption.