A two-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine has long been used in practical applications due to its structuralsimplicity, high power density, and low weight. However, because it relies on the combustion of a premixedfuel–lubricant blend, it inherently s...
A two-stroke spark-ignition (SI) engine has long been used in practical applications due to its structuralsimplicity, high power density, and low weight. However, because it relies on the combustion of a premixedfuel–lubricant blend, it inherently suffers from lower combustion efficiency and relatively high levels ofcombustion residues and exhaust emissions caused by oil burning. With increasingly stringent environmentalregulations and tighter limits on carbon-based emissions, a reevaluation of conventional two-stroke engineoperating methods is now required. The limitations of the fuel–lubricant mixing approach are not confined toenvironmental concerns; they also directly affect fuel-consumption efficiency and engine durability. When themixture ratio deviates from an appropriate range, excessive fuel supply can result in incomplete combustion,reducing both power and fuel economy, whereas insufficient lubrication may lead to wear or even mechanicalfailure. Such issues can degrade engine reliability during long-term operation and increase maintenance costs,ultimately limiting industrial applicability. These challenges are even more critical in emerging applicationfields—such as drones, light aircraft, and compact power generators—where lightweight structure, efficiency,and environmental performance must all be satisfied simultaneously. Under these conditions, operating atwo-stroke SI engine based solely on empirically determined mixture ratios, as traditionally practiced, is nolonger sufficient to meet both performance demands and environmental regulations. Nevertheless, mostend-users continue to set mixture ratios based on manufacturer recommendations or personal experience, andquantitative analyses of how mixture-ratio variations actually affect engine behavior and emissioncharacteristics remain relatively limited. Furthermore, although the effects of mixture ratio and emissionbehavior may differ depending on the fuel-injection method, many previous studies have focused exclusivelyon carburetor-based systems. Therefore, this study experimentally investigates how variations in the fuel–lubricant mixture ratio and fuel-injection method influence key operational characteristics of a two-stroke SIengine—such as power output and combustion stability—as well as major exhaust species including CO, HC,and CO₂. The objective is to derive an optimal mixture-ratio range that enhances both performance andemissions. Ultimately, the findings aim to serve not only as a means of improving operating conditions, butalso as foundational data for simultaneous performance optimization and environmental improvement of two-stroke engines. Moreover, the resulting data can support future applications such as UAV power-traindevelopment, compact internal-combustion engine design, environmental-regulation compliance strategies, andefficient operating-condition optimization. Through the experiments, the power and exhaust characteristics of atwo-stroke engine under various fuel–lubricant mixture ratios were analyzed. For carburetor engines, it wasconfirmed that the proportion of lubricant significantly affects engine output. In contrast, the electronicallycontrolled fuel-injection system reduced fuel consumption by approximately 3% compared with the carburetorsystem and increased power output by about 8.6%, owing to more precise fuel-delivery control. Under thesame injection method, the greatest increase in output occurred when the mixture ratio changed from 20:1 to30:1. However, in the electronic-fuel-injection mode, scratches on the cylinder wall and piston were observedonce the mixture exceeded 40:1, indicating insufficient lubrication. Finally, exhaust-gas analysis showed thatemissions generally improved as the mixture ratio increased, with the most significant improvement occurringbetween 10:1 and 30:1. Beyond 30:1, further improvements were marginal. Overall, the study concludes that amixture ratio of approximately 30:1 is the most suitable for the main operating region of the engine,balancing performance, lubrication, and emission characteristics.