With the rapid progression of population aging in South Korea, the prevalence of degenerative lumbar spine disorders has increased substantially. Although both conservative and surgical treatment options are available, conservative management often fa...
With the rapid progression of population aging in South Korea, the prevalence of degenerative lumbar spine disorders has increased substantially. Although both conservative and surgical treatment options are available, conservative management often fails to provide sufficient symptom improvement beyond the early stages of degeneration. Consequently, surgical intervention is frequently selected. Among surgical options, spinal fusion using pedicle screw–rod constructs and interbody fusion devices remains the most widely applied technique due to its ability to provide immediate segmental stability and early postoperative pain relief. Despite its clinical effectiveness, rigid fusion has been associated with stress-shielding effects and restricted motion at the treated segment, which may induce excessive compensatory motion and accelerate degenerative changes at adjacent levels. To mitigate these limitations, interspinous process devices suitable for minimally invasive surgical approaches have been developed. These devices enable segmental stabilization through limited exposure and have been increasingly utilized as an alternative or adjunct to fusion procedures to reduce adjacent segment degeneration. However, the biomechanical mechanisms of interspinous process devices have not been sufficiently elucidated, and standardized performance evaluation protocols that reflect physiological spinal kinematics remain undefined. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the mechanical response of interspinous process devices using finite element analysis, with particular emphasis on changes in segmental range of motion (ROM), center of rotation (COR), and implant stress distribution following implantation. In addition, this study aimed to develop and validate a performance evaluation jig that incorporates physiological lumbar kinematics and to compare its effectiveness with conventional regulatory testing methods, thereby proposing an improved assessment framework for interspinous process devices. A previously validated three-dimensional finite element model of the lumbar spine (L2–S1) was employed. Two representative interspinous process device designs were investigated: a motion-preserving device (OMEGA, Medyssey Inc., Korea) and a fusion-type device (Sol, Medyssey Inc., Korea), both implanted at the L4– L5 level. Device geometries were reconstructed from CAD data, meshed using solid elements, and assigned appropriate material properties. Three analytical models were examined: an intact lumbar spine, a motion-preserving implantation model, and a fusion implantation model. For the motion-preserving configuration, contact interaction between the implant and the spinous processes was modeled using a friction coefficient of 0.3 to represent fixation achieved through wing compression. For the fusion configuration, complete osseointegration at the bone–spike interface was assumed, and pedicle screws were fully constrained to the vertebral bodies. A hybrid loading protocol was applied to enable consistent comparison of rotational behavior among models. Segmental flexion–extension ROM at both treated and adjacent levels was quantified before and after implantation, and shifts in the COR at the treated level were evaluated. To examine the influence of biomechanically representative loading on device performance, finite element models of conventional approval test set-ups were constructed. A novel evaluation jig reflecting physiological lumbar kinematics was designed based on standardized vertebral geometry and cadaveric measurement data reported in previous studies. Displacement-controlled loading conditions were derived from ROM values obtained using the hybrid protocol. The likelihood of mechanical failure was assessed using the ratio of peak von Mises stress (PVMS) to the yield strength of the implant materials. Physical jigs were fabricated, and compression tests were performed to obtain load–displacement relationships, from which yield load and yield displacement were determined. The motion-preserving model exhibited the largest increase in segmental mobility, attributable to the allowance of flexion. During extension, ROM was reduced by 60% in the motion-preserving model and by 64% in the fusion-type model, with less than a 5% difference. Stress concentrations occurred at comparable regions across testing configurations; however, conventional test set-ups underestimated PVMS by 14–19% relative to biomechanically representative conditions, indicating limited reflection of physiological kinematics. In fusion-type devices, load sharing through the core structure reduced failure likelihood by 29–30% compared with conventional configurations. Finite element analysis employing physiologically equivalent displacements produced mechanical responses consistent with those observed in implanted spinal models, supporting the validity of incorporating lumbar kinematics into performance evaluation. In mechanical testing, tensile assessment of the motion-preserving device was limited by insufficient wing fixation strength. In compression testing, the biomechanically representative jig increased yield load by approximately 1200% while reducing yield displacement by 62% compared with conventional jigs. Conversely, the fusion-type device exhibited a 97% reduction in yield load and a 2500% increase in yield displacement, demonstrating that the proposed evaluation method more accurately captures physiological mechanical behavior. Based on these findings, the results suggest that performance evaluation strategies for interspinous process devices should be differentiated according to device function. Specifically, the currently employed test set-up is appropriate for motion-preserving devices, whereas fusion-type devices can be more objectively assessed using a biomechanically representative test set-up referenced from the ASTM F1717 standard. The application of function-specific testing configurations enables a more objective evaluation of structural integrity and mechanical safety of interspinous process devices.