This study was conducted with third-year or higher students enrolled in four-year universities in Korea who were preparing for the school-to-work transition. The purpose of the study was to identify the structural relationships among economic constrai...
This study was conducted with third-year or higher students enrolled in four-year universities in Korea who were preparing for the school-to-work transition. The purpose of the study was to identify the structural relationships among economic constraints, career adaptability, vocational identity, occupational engagement, and future employability, and to examine the moderating effect of social support within these relationships. To achieve this purpose, the study reviewed theoretical framework of the school-to-work transition, as well as the key variables influencing this process and the relationships among them. Based on this review, the following research hypotheses were established. First, there would be direct effects among economic constraints, social support, career adaptability, vocational identity, occupational engagement, and future employability. Second, mediating effects would exist among economic constraints, occupational engagement, career adaptability, vocational identity, and future employability. Third, social support would have a moderating effect on the relationships specified above. To test these hypotheses, a questionnaire survey was conducted. The survey instrument consisted of measures assessing economic constraints, career adaptability, vocational identity, occupational engagement, future employability, social support, and demographic information. Vocational identity and future employability scales, originally developed in foreign contexts, were translated into Korean. The study participants were third-year or higher university students majoring in humanities, social sciences, engineering, or natural sciences at Korean universities. Data were collected through an online survey system in two phases: a pilot survey and a main survey. The pilot survey was conducted from September 9 to 17, 2025, and 145 responses were obtained. The main survey was conducted from October 1 to 14, 2025, and 415 responses were collected. After excluding responses from graduate students and outliers, a final sample of 390 students was used for analysis. The major findings are as follows. First, the direct effects among the variables were statistically significant. Second, the mediating effects were also significant. Specifically, economic constraints influence future employability through career adaptability, and a double-mediating pathway from economic constraints, career adaptability, occupational engagement, future employability was also significant. In addition, the double-mediating pathway from economic constraints, vocational identity, occupational engagement, future employability was significant. The sequential multiple mediation pathway whereby economic constraints affected future employability through career adaptability, vocational identity, and occupational engagement was likewise significant. Third, social support had a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationships among economic constraints, career adaptability, and vocational identity. Social support also showed a significant moderated mediation effect in the relationship in which economic constraints influenced vocational identity through career adaptability. However, social support did not contribute to the conditional indirect effect in the pathway from economic constraints to vocational identity.
The structural model proposed in this study was found to be appropriate, confirming that the Theoretical model of the school-to-work transition from psychology of working theory perspective (Masdonati et al., 2022) is applicable to Korean university students. The findings suggest that enhancing career adaptability and vocational identity, and subsequently promoting occupational engagement, are essential for improving perceived future employability. The study also confirmed the importance of each variable by demonstrating direct effects among economic constraints, career adaptability, vocational identity, occupational engagement, and future employability, consistent with the theoretical propositions of the career adaptability framework. Furthermore, the study empirically identified a sequential process in which economic constraints enhance career adaptability, which then promotes vocational identity and occupational engagement, ultimately leading to greater future employability. Social support also demonstrated a moderated mediation effect within this process, although its buffering role requires further investigation.
This study provides empirical evidence supporting the application of theoretic model of the school-to-work transition from the psychology of working theory perspective among Korean university students. By integrating theoretical model of the school-to-work transition from psychology of working theory perspective with the career construction model of adaptation, the study proposed a unified research model and demonstrated its empirical validity. This signifies that relationships proposed in different theoretical frameworks can operate coherently within a single integrated structure. The findings also offer practical implications by empirically identifying key pathways influencing the school-to-work transition, thereby providing clearer direction for career guidance interventions in higher education settings. Finally, based on the findings and implications of this study, several practical and scholarly recommendations are presented. First, educational programs that support employability development are needed to facilitate successful school-to-work transitions. Second, programs aimed at enhancing career adaptability should be designed and implemented. Third, further studies are needed to closely examine the relationships among economic constraints, career adaptability, and vocational identity. Fourth, longitudinal research is necessary to analyze changes in these processes over time.