Franz Kafka’s Self-presentation and Literary Identity in his Letters to Felice
Felice Bauer, with whom Franz Kafka twice became engaged and later broke off the engagement, was not only a central figure in his personal life but also the recipient of...
Franz Kafka’s Self-presentation and Literary Identity in his Letters to Felice
Felice Bauer, with whom Franz Kafka twice became engaged and later broke off the engagement, was not only a central figure in his personal life but also the recipient of more than 500 letters(included postcards) exchanged over the course of their five-year relationship. However, ‘Briefe an Felice’, which contains letters sent by Kafka, is evaluated as an important material that goes beyond the nature of simple love letters containing the romantic feelings of lovers and contains the author’s fundamental conflict about life and literature.
This is because the core themes of life, which can be summarized as the author Kafka's self-understanding and absolute demand for literature, constitute the important content of these letters of Kafka, rather than the romantic feelings between lovers or the real problems of the times.
This study analyzes Letters to Felice as a key text that illuminates the conflict between Kafka’s civic existence and his literary self—an inner struggle that manifests across personal, social, and literary dimensions.
First of all, Kafka repeatedly portrayed the duality of obsession and vigilance in his relationship with Felice. Consequently, the letters consistently expose Kafka’s fight for self-preservation and the establishment of his identity as a writer. Although his association with her provided Kafka with a positive boost to his productive writing, it also gave rise to the anxiety that a real union with her might mean the loss of the solitude necessary for writing. Therefore, the struggle for Kafka's self-preservation and self-identity as a writer is consistent above all in the vast amount of letters. This internal battle pits the ‘good ego’ desiring stability within civic life, against the ‘bad ego’ committed solely to writing—an opposition that gradually resolves in favor of the latter.
On the personal level, the letters reveal Kafka’s anxieties stemming from his frail health, especially his tuberculosis diagnosis, which ultimately led him to abandon plans for marriage. They also contain lamentations concerning his family, which reinforced his dependence, and his bureaucratic job, which he regarded as meaningless and burdensome. On the social level, Kafka expresses both a longing for and an aversion to communal life: he yearns for human connection yet finds solitude unbearable. Though he recognizes love and marriage as modes of enriching existence, his desire for union with Felice coexists with an equally strong fear of it—so much so that he eventually comes to view her as a “greatest enemy” to his literary vocation. The inevitability of their unhappy ending thus appears grounded in Kafka’s uncompromising understanding of himself as an artist.
On the literary level, the letters frequently articulate Kafka’s calling as a writer, his reflections on the nature of literature, and his demands that Felice understand the conditions necessary for his work. His assertion “I am made of literature” epitomizes the totality with which writing governed his life. Many of his major works—from the short story 「The Judgment」 to the novel 『The Trial』—emerged directly or indirectly from his relationship with Felice. Ultimately, the dissolution of their relationship stemmed from Kafka’s singular literary identity and his prioritization of the writer’s life.