In recent years, medical expenditures among people with disabilities have steadily increased, while their suicide mortality rate has remained higher than that of the general population. These trends highlight the need for greater attention to reducing...
In recent years, medical expenditures among people with disabilities have steadily increased, while their suicide mortality rate has remained higher than that of the general population. These trends highlight the need for greater attention to reducing medical expenses and preventing suicide among individuals with disabilities. Therefore, this study aimed to explore in depth the underlying factors associated with the high medical expenditures and elevated suicide risk among people with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to examine whether catastrophic health expenditure among people with disabilities affects suicidal ideation and to investigate whether this relationship is mediated by depression. To achieve this research objective, the study utilized data from the first wave of the 2018 Panel Survey on the Living Conditions of Persons with Disabilities. The analysis was conducted on a sample of 5,074 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in the survey.
The analytical methods employed to test the study hypotheses are as follows. First, frequency analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted to examine the sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants and the main variables. Next, chi-square tests and t-tests were performed to determine whether the levels of catastrophic health expenditure—defined at the thresholds of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%—differed according to the participants’ characteristics. In addition, chi-square tests and t-tests were conducted to examine differences in suicidal ideation according to the sociodemographic characteristics and key variables of persons with disabilities, while t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify differences in depression across their characteristics. Prior to hypothesis testing, a variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis was performed to assess multicollinearity among the main variables. In Model 1, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect of catastrophic health expenditure levels on suicidal ideation among people with disabilities. In Model 2, multiple regression analysis was performed to test the effect of catastrophic health expenditure levels on depression among people with disabilities. In Model 3, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to verify whether depression mediates the relationship between catastrophic health expenditure levels and suicidal ideation among people with disabilities. To examine the statistical significance of the mediating effect, bootstrapping was performed using SPSS Process Macro Model 4. Additionally, to conduct a more in-depth analysis of differences in the prevalence of suicidal ideation across levels of catastrophic health expenditure, binary logistic regression analysis was performed by dividing the participants into quintile groups based on household income.
The main findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, when catastrophic health expenditure was defined at the thresholds of 10%, 20%, and 30%, experiencing catastrophic health expenditure among people with disabilities had a significant effect on increasing suicidal ideation. However, when defined at 40%, there was no significant relationship between catastrophic health expenditure and suicidal ideation. Second, when catastrophic health expenditure was defined at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure significantly increased depression among people with disabilities. Third, at all definitions of catastrophic health expenditure (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure significantly increased suicidal ideation through depression as a mediator, and the bootstrapping analysis confirmed that this mediating effect was statistically significant. Fourth, when catastrophic health expenditure was defined at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, no significant relationship was found between catastrophic health expenditure and suicidal ideation among people with disabilities in the first, second, and third income quintiles. When defined at 10%, catastrophic health expenditure significantly increased suicidal ideation among those in the fourth income quintile, whereas no significant relationship was observed at the 20%, 30%, and 40% thresholds. Finally, when catastrophic health expenditure was defined at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, it significantly increased suicidal ideation among people with disabilities in the fifth income quintile.
The findings of this study have theoretical implications in that they elucidate the mechanism through which the stress process of adults with disabilities is shaped by introducing depression as a mediating variable. Specifically, the study newly identified that catastrophic health expenditure among adults with disabilities contributes to an increase in suicidal ideation through the psychological pathway of depression. In addition, the study holds empirical significance by verifying the effect of catastrophic health expenditure on suicidal ideation according to income quintiles among people with disabilities. The results suggest that when household out-of-pocket medical expenses exceed 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of average monthly living expenses, the heightened suicidal ideation mediated by depression highlights the need for stronger social safety nets within the healthcare security system. Furthermore, to understand suicidal ideation among people with disabilities more comprehensively, it is important to consider not only depression but also catastrophic health expenditure and income level.