With the rapid development of industry, accelerating environmental pollution and climate change have intensified global interest in eco-friendly energy sources capable of reducing carbon emissions. Among various alternative energy sources, hydrogen ha...
With the rapid development of industry, accelerating environmental pollution and climate change have intensified global interest in eco-friendly energy sources capable of reducing carbon emissions. Among various alternative energy sources, hydrogen has attracted significant attention as a next-generation energy carrier due to its high energy density and advantages in storage and transportation. In particular, extensive research efforts are being devoted to water electrolysis–based hydrogen production technologies, which enable hydrogen generation without carbon emissions.
Among various water electrolysis technologies, anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE), which operates under alkaline conditions, has emerged as a promising next-generation hydrogen production technology recently. AEMWE offers significant cost advantages by enabling the use of non-precious metal catalysts and hydrocarbon-based polymers; however, it faces limitations in achieving high ionic conductivity and long-term durability due to the low diffusion coefficient and high reactivity of hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Therefore, the development of anion exchange membrane (AEM) materials that simultaneously exhibit high ionic conductivity and excellent alkaline stability is essential for improving the performance and durability of AEMWE systems.
Chapter 1 of this dissertation introduces hydrogen energy and water electrolysis technologies, and describes the operating principles of AEMWE, the hydroxide-ion conduction mechanisms in anion exchange membranes, and the polymer backbones and ion-conducting groups employed in AEM materials.
In Chapter 2, the packing structure and phase separation behavior of copolymers were systematically controlled by adjusting the copolymer composition, and an optimal copolymer composition exhibiting balanced water uptake and well-developed phase separation was identified. In addition, anion exchange membranes with enhanced mechanical properties and alkaline stability were developed through the incorporation of fluorinated functional groups. To achieve this, poly(p-terphenyl-co-biphenyl N-methyl-piperidinium) (PTB-m-QP) polymers were synthesized using rigid p-terphenyl units and rotationally flexible biphenyl units, with the biphenyl content varied (m = 0, 25, 50, and 75). As a result, the PTB-50-QP membrane containing 50 mol% biphenyl exhibited the most distinct phase separation behavior and an optimal water uptake, leading to the highest ionic conductivity and alkaline stability. However, the high water uptake of the PTB-50-QP membrane resulted in reduced dimensional stability and mechanical strength. To address this issue, trifluoroisopropyl-functionalized poly(p-terphenyl-co-biphenyl N-methyl-piperidinium) (PTB-50-QP-Fn) polymers were synthesized by introducing trifluoroisopropyl fluorinated side groups. The fluorine content was varied (n = 5 and 10), and among these, the PTB-50-QP-F5 membrane exhibited the most pronounced phase separation. Owing to enhanced hydrophobicity and aggregation of the fluorinated groups, membrane swelling was effectively suppressed, resulting in improved dimensional stability and mechanical properties compared to PTB-50-QP. This enhanced structural stability enabled a high retention of ionic conductivity even under strongly alkaline conditions and improved membrane–catalyst interfacial stability, yielding a superior current density of 3.58 A cm⁻² at 2.0 V, compared to 1.51 A cm⁻² for the PTB-50-QP membrane.
In Chapter 3, a hyperbranched unit, triphenylphosphine, was incorporated into the linear polymer poly(p-terphenyl N-piperidinium) (QPpTP), and the central phosphorus atom was functionalized to a phosphonium cation (P⁺) to synthesize radial polymers (b-QPm-QPpTP, m = 5, 7.5, and 10). As a result, the introduction of triphenylphosphonium enabled the simultaneous achievement of high water uptake and a low swelling ratio through strong interactions between P⁺ and hydroxide ions (OH⁻), leading to excellent dimensional stability. In particular, b-QP5-QPpTP exhibited enhanced connectivity between ionic clusters via optimized P⁺–OH⁻ interactions, resulting in a high ionic conductivity of 155.76 mS cm⁻¹ at 80 °C. Finally, b-QP5-QPpTP demonstrated outstanding water electrolysis performance with a current density of 6.98 A cm⁻² at 2.0 V, along with excellent long-term durability characterized by a negligible voltage increase of 0.54 mV h⁻¹ over 250 h. These results confirm the potential of b-QP5-QPpTP as a high-performance radial anion exchange membrane material for next-generation AEMWE applications.