As the paradigm of modern public administration shifts from supplier-centric efficiency to user-centric value creation, the importance of customer experience management is emerging in the public service sector. In particular, in regulatory areas direc...
As the paradigm of modern public administration shifts from supplier-centric efficiency to user-centric value creation, the importance of customer experience management is emerging in the public service sector. In particular, in regulatory areas directly linked to public safety, such as the construction industry, the quality of administrative services is emphasized as it transcends simple civil complaint processing and is closely related to corporate survival and the social safety net. However, despite the Korean government's various efforts for administrative innovation, the service quality perceived by customers in Public Regulatory Services, such as licensing and reviews, remains stagnant. This stems from the structural distinctiveness of regulatory services: involuntary consumption based on legal obligations and a monopolistic supply structure. Unlike general market services where an exit option exists, in the regulatory service environment where no exit option is available, service delays act as an Administrative Burden that imposes not only simple inconvenience but also massive economic losses and psychological pressure on customers.
Especially in recent years, with the enforcement of the serious accidents punishment act, safety regulations in construction sites have been strengthened, leading to a surge in review volume and processing delays that cause severe bottlenecks. Delays in review waiting times at construction sites translate into substantial costs that threaten corporate survival, such as idle costs for manpower and equipment, and increased indirect costs due to extended construction periods. Nevertheless, existing public institution service quality measurements focus on measuring process convenience, such as the kindness of staff or the convenience of facilities, exposing a limitation in failing to properly capture time value, which includes temporal efficiency and predictability—the intrinsic values of regulatory services. Moreover, despite the existence of the Regressivity of Regulatory Costs—where administrative burden is unequally distributed according to firm size or personal characteristics—existing studies have committed the error of assuming customers to be a homogeneous group.
Accordingly, this study targets the construction hazard prevention plan review service of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA). The objective is to empirically verify how the intrinsic attributes of customers—specifically business characteristics (project scale, business classification) and personal characteristics (gender, age)—differentially affect Waiting Time Experience, a key determinant of service quality. Through this, the study aims to move away from uniform administrative service delivery and propose customized waiting time management strategies optimized for the sensitivity and capabilities of each customer characteristic.
This study redefined waiting time not as a simple passage of physical time, but as a subjective experience combined with the customer's psychological expectations and cognition. To explain this, the study adopted the Expectation-Disconfirmation Theory and Zone of Tolerance Theory as its theoretical foundation. In other words, customer satisfaction is determined not by the absolute amount of physical time, but by the degree of discrepancy between prior expectations and actual waiting time, and whether that time falls within the zone of tolerance acceptable to the customer.
Furthermore, to explain the heterogeneity of waiting time experience based on customer characteristics, the study integrated the Resource-Based View from management and the Administrative Burden Theory from public administration. According to the Resource-Based View, internal resources held by a firm determine its capability to cope with complex administrative procedures. Conversely, Administrative Burden Theory emphasizes regressivity, where learning costs and psychological costs required for regulatory compliance act more harshly on groups lacking social resources. Regarding personal characteristics, the Selectivity Hypothesis, which explains gender differences in information processing, and the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, which deals with changes in time perception according to the life cycle, were applied.
Based on this theoretical background, a ‘Time-based PCSI’ model was uniquely devised and utilized in this study. This model is characterized by analyzing a combination of subjective survey responses and objective log data from the administrative system. Independent variables were set as business characteristics and personal characteristics, while the dependent variable, waiting time experience, was composed of 11 multidimensional sub-variables including expected waiting time, actual waiting time, satisfaction/dissatisfaction threshold times, and document preparation time.
For empirical analysis, a survey was conducted from April to August 2025 targeting construction site personnel who used the review service of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. 121 valid samples, which secured data consistency, were used for the final analysis. The collected data were analyzed using the R statistical package to perform frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis. For hypothesis testing, independent sample t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Multiple Regression Analysis were conducted.
The main results of the empirical analysis are as follows.
First, Project Scale, a business characteristic, was found to have a statistically significant effect on the customer's psychological expectations and administrative preparation burden (Hypothesis H1-1 partially accepted). The analysis showed that large-scale sites (over 120 billion KRW) expected a much longer review period compared to small-scale sites, and it was confirmed that they paid high learning costs, such as taking more than twice the time for document preparation. This implies that the technical difficulty and task complexity of large-scale projects are structural factors inducing delays in administrative procedures. On the other hand, Business Classification based on sales did not show significant differences in most variables except for actual waiting time (Hypothesis H1-2 limitedly accepted). This indicates that the magnitude of administrative burden experienced by customers in regulatory services is determined by the physical complexity of the project to be performed rather than the financial exterior of the firm.
Second, Gender, a personal characteristic, caused distinct differences in psychological sensitivity and expectation levels regarding waiting time (Hypothesis H2-1 partially accepted). Female customers set significantly shorter expected waiting times compared to male customers and tended to apply stricter temporal thresholds for feeling satisfaction. Consequently, even when actual waiting times were identical, female customers perceived a greater negative disconfirmation between expectation and reality, feeling a stronger sense of psychological delay. Meanwhile, Age did not have a significant effect on any sub-variables of waiting time experience (Hypothesis H2-2 rejected). This is interpreted to be because the task requires a high level of expertise and is a legal procedure, so job proficiency and professional expertise dominate the service experience rather than the individual's biological age.
Third, the regression model to verify the integrated influence of variables affecting waiting time experience was rejected as it failed to secure statistical significance (Hypothesis H3 rejected). However, exploratory analysis of individual variables confirmed that ‘Project Scale’ remains a significant factor increasing waiting time experience. In particular, for mega-scale construction sites of over 800 billion KRW, the waiting time experience score significantly increased in a positive (+) direction. This result reaffirms that waiting time experience in public regulatory services is driven by structural factors, namely the administrative difficulty of the task, rather than the individual's subjective disposition.
This study holds academic significance in that it empirically identifies the multidimensionality of waiting time experience as a key mechanism determining the quality of public regulatory services and links it with customer segmentation strategies. The research results suggest that the existing discussion on service quality centered on process convenience should be shifted to time value, demonstrating that managing psychological time beyond physical time reduction is the core of customer satisfaction.
The practical implications derived from the research results are as follows.
First, the introduction of an Expectation Management System to minimize customer expectation disconfirmation is urgent. As confirmed in the study, female customers or specific project groups hold unrealistically optimistic expected waiting times, leading to a high risk of dissatisfaction. Therefore, vague anxiety should be relieved by clearly notifying the Average Review Duration by customer’s type based on big data at the reception stage to present a realistic reference point.
Second, the establishment of a Dual-Track Support System is required to resolve the asymmetry of administrative burden. For high-complexity large-scale projects, Pre-consulting should be mandated to reduce trial-and-error costs, while for small-scale sites lacking administrative capabilities, structural administrative gaps should be alleviated through AI-based Document Preparation Support or procedural simplification.
Third, the operation of a Golden Time Monitoring System utilizing the Time-based PCSI model is suggested. It is necessary to implement active administration by setting the temporal threshold where customers turn to dissatisfaction as a key indicator, and performing preemptive notifications or requests for supplementation before that point arrives. This will serve as an effective alternative for relieving customer’s sense of neglect and managing psychological waiting time even in situations where reducing physical time is difficult.
Although this study has limitations in that it focused on a specific industry (construction) and had a male-dominated sample composition, it can be utilized as foundational data to open a new horizon for public service quality management in the future, in that it visualized the structural inequality of regulatory services based on data and presented sophisticated administrative innovation plans according to customer characteristics.