With the rapid industrialization worldwide, a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been continuously emitted, intensifying global warming. In particular, the cement industry is one of the most carbon-intensive sectors, accounting for a significant...
With the rapid industrialization worldwide, a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been continuously emitted, intensifying global warming. In particular, the cement industry is one of the most carbon-intensive sectors, accounting for a significant proportion of total CO2 emissions. Accordingly, the construction industry has been focusing on developing technologies that can reduce carbon emissions and effectively capture and utilize emitted CO2 to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Among these, carbonation curing has emerged as a promising technique that reacts CO2 with hydration products and unreacted clinker minerals in cement to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3), thereby sequestering CO2 while simultaneously densifying the microstructure and improving the physicochemical properties of cement-based materials. Belite-rich cement (BRC), which contains a higher proportion of the belite phase than ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is considered an eco-friendly cement because it can be produced at relatively lower sintering temperatures, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Previous studies have shown that applying carbonation curing to BRC not only enhances CO2 uptake capacity but also improves its mechanical and physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, chloride penetration is one of the major deterioration factors affecting the durability of reinforced concrete structures. However, previous research has primarily focused on OPC under water curing conditions, making it difficult to understand the properties of carbonation-cured belite-rich cement. Therefore, this study experimentally investigated the effects of carbonation curing on the chloride penetration resistance and physicochemical properties of BRC mortar. Specimens with different carbonation curing durations were prepared, and their compressive strength and carbonation degree were measured. Subsequently, they were exposed to a 3% NaCl solution for 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks to evaluate chloride penetration depth and total and free chloride contents. Furthermore, Phase composition, pore structure, and surface charge characteristics were comprehensively analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, and zeta potential (ZP) analyses. The carbonation-cured specimens exhibited significantly higher compressive strength and lower total and free chloride contents compared with water-cured specimens. These improvements were attributed to the formation of CaCO3, which refined the pore structure by filling capillary pores and reducing total porosity. XRD and TG/DTG analyses confirmed the disappearance of Ca(OH)2 and the formation of stable CaCO3 polymorphs, while MIP and nitrogen adsorption analyses demonstrated the reduction in total pore volume and densification of the microstructure. Zeta potential results indicated that carbonation-cured specimens had higher absolute negative charge, suggesting improved dispersion and electrochemical stability. Meanwhile, Friedel’s salt was observed in water-cured specimens, whereas it was not observed in the carbonation-cured specimens. This is thought to be because the decomposition of ettringite during the carbonation curing process suppressed Friedel’s salt formation. These results suggest that the reduction in chloride content is not due to chloride binding, but rather to a reduction in diffusion rate resulting from pore structure refinement and electrochemical stabilization. In conclusion, carbonation curing effectively suppresses chloride diffusion through the microstructural reconstruction and electrochemical stabilization induced by CaCO3 formation. This study highlights the potential of carbonation curing as a sustainable CO2 utilization and curing technology that enhances the durability and environmental performance of belite-rich cement.