Exploring the Spatiotemporal Relationships between Urban Heat Environment and Green Infrastructure Characteristics : A Case Study of Jakarta Province = 도시 열 환경과 녹색 인프라 특성 간의 시공간적 관계 분석: 자카르타 사례 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Rapid urbanization and climate change have significantly intensified urban heat environment in tropical megacities such as Jakarta, Indonesia. This study investigates the spatiotemporal relationship between Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) characteristics and the urban thermal environment which represented by Land Surface Temperature (LST) and thermal comfort across Jakarta Province during 2019 and 2024. High-resolution Sentinel-2A imagery and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data were processed in Google Earth Engine to derive vegetation indices, perform Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), and retrieve LST values. Humidex is used to quantify outdoor thermal comfort using meteorological data from six BMKG stations. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and zonal analysis, were used to evaluate the relationship between UGI morphologies and thermal indicators at the district level. The results show a UGI transformation with a 4% increase in total urban green infrastructure from 2019 to 2024. In general, the amount of core, edge, and perforation classes increased, while islet, branch and bridge classes decreased. LST align with the result of urban green infrastructure, which decreased on average, with hotspots exceeding 50 ℃ in industrial and coastal areas. In 2024, strong negative correlations were found between LST average and the proportion of core class (r ≈ -0.62, p < 0.01) and perforation (r ≈ -0.51, p < 0.01) classes, whereas islet showed a positive relationship (r ≈ 0.61, p < 0.01) with LST minimum. The analysis of thermal comfort revealed rising Humidex values from 2019 to 2024, indicating worsening heat stress particularly in the northern and eastern area of Jakarta province. This study confirms that the spatial morphology of UGI substantially influences urban thermal environment. Increasing vegetated core connectivity and reducing fragmentation could effectively lower LST and improve thermal comfort. Therefore, the result finds in this research provide scientific support for Jakarta's climate adaptation strategies and spatial planning policies which emphasize the enhancement of green infrastructure to create a thermally resilient urban environment.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract i
• Table of Contents iii
• List of Tables vi
• List of Figures vii
• Chapter 1. Introduction 1
• 1.1. Research Background 1
• 1.2. Research Objectives 5
• Chapter 2. Literature Review 11
• 2.1. Urban Green Infrastructure 11
• 2.1.1. The Role of Urban Green Infrastructure 13
• 2.1.2. Urban Green Infrastructure Characteristics 22
• 2.1.3. Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) 31
• 2.2. Urban Thermal Environment 37
• 2.2.1. Land Surface Temperature (LST). 37
• 2.2.2. Urban Thermal Comfort 39
• 2.3. Factors Affecting LST 43
• 2.4. Urban Green Infrastructure in Jakarta 46
• Chapter 3. Research Methods 51
• iv
• 3.1. Study Area 51
• 3.2. Research Hypotheses 54
• 3.3. Data Collection and Pre-Processing 56
• 3.3.1. Satellite Data 56
• 3.3.2. Meteorological Data 60
• 3.4. Data Processing and Analysis 61
• 3.4.1. Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) 61
• 3.4.2. Land Surface Temperature (LST). 69
• 3.4.3. Urban Thermal Comfort 72
• 3.4.4. Statistical Analysis 73
• 3.5. Research Design 74
• Chapter 4. Results and Discussions 76
• 4.1. Analysis of UGI in Jakarta Province 76
• 4.2. Analysis of LST Distribution in Jakarta Province 86
• 4.3. The Correlation between The Spatial Characteristic of UGI and The
• Urban Thermal Environment 96
• 4.3.1. Correlation of MSPA Classes on LST 96
• 4.3.2. Correlation of MSPA Classes on Thermal Comfort 106
• Chapter 5. Conclusion 112
• 5.1. Summary 112
• 5.2. Policy Implications 114
• 5.3. Limitations 124
• v
• References 127
• 국문 초록 158
• Acknowledgement 160
• vi