Undaria pinnatifida is a major cultivated kelp in South Korea, yet recent winter warming has increasingly threatened seedling survival and production stability. This study demonstrates that gametophyte priming using a seaweed-derived biostimulant, Sar...
Undaria pinnatifida is a major cultivated kelp in South Korea, yet recent winter warming has increasingly threatened seedling survival and production stability. This study demonstrates that gametophyte priming using a seaweed-derived biostimulant, Sargassum horneri extract (SHE), can enhance thermal tolerance in the subsequent sporophyte generation. Male and female gametophytes were pretreated with SHE (0, 0.5, 5 mg L⁻¹) for 10 days at 15 °C, crossed into five combinations, and the resulting sporophytes were cultured under 15 °C and 25 °C. Specific growth rate (SGR), total protein and pigment contents, oxidative stress indicators (ROS, H₂O₂, LPO), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, CAT, GR) were assessed. High temperature induced a classical oxidative stress response in control sporophytes, characterized by pronounced increases in ROS, H₂O₂, and LPO, together with marked declines in growth, protein content, and photosynthetic pigments. In contrast, sporophytes derived from SHE-treated gametophytes maintained significantly higher growth rates and greater stability of protein and pigment contents under heat stress. Among treatment groups, sporophytes originating from high-dose female gametophyte priming (F5×M0) exhibited the lowest levels of oxidative stress markers and the most stable physiological performance. Notably, SHE-derived sporophytes showed reduced induction of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, and CAT) at 25 °C relative to the control, despite maintaining lower oxidative stress levels. This response pattern suggests that SHE priming altered the regulation of oxidative stress responses, potentially by improving intrinsic redox stability or suppressing ROS generation rather than relying on enhanced post-stress enzymatic detoxification. The persistence of these effects across fertilization and sporophyte development indicates a form of cross-generational priming, whereby physiological states established during the gametophyte stage influence stress responsiveness in the sporophyte. The pronounced effectiveness of female-derived priming further suggests sex-specific differences in the capacity of gametophytes to perceive, integrate, and transmit priming signals. Although epigenetic modifications were not directly examined, the sustained expression of SHE-induced phenotypes across life-cycle stages is consistent with emerging epigenetic priming frameworks proposed for marine macrophytes. Overall, this study provides experimental evidence that SHE-based gametophyte priming can enhance thermal tolerance in U. pinnatifida sporophytes and highlights the gametophyte stage as a critical regulatory phase for developing climate-resilient and sustainable kelp aquaculture strategies.