한지 제조 방법과 품질 분석을 통한 품질 표준 및 인증에 관한 연구 = Research on Quality Standard and Certification Systems for Hanji through Manufacturing Methods and Quality Analysis

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Korea has submitted its nomination file for the “Traditional Knowledge, Techniques, and Cultural Practices of Hanji-Making” to be inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, with the final decision expected at the 21st Session of the Intergovernmental Committee in 2026. In parallel with these international developments, a nationwide quality-labeling system for traditional cultural products will be implemented from 2026. Nevertheless, despite its historical, technical, and industrial significance, Hanji still lacks unified definitions, grading criteria, and labeling standards. Inconsistent testing conditions for explaining the causal relationships between manufacturing parameters and material properties, along with the absence of a standardized consumer information system, have long constrained the sustainable development of Hanji as a traditional cultural industry.
Against this backdrop, the present study aims to establish an integrated standardization framework for Hanji, thereby enabling conservation, industry, and international exchange to communicate within a common evaluative language. This study (1) examined the manufacturing techniques of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage “Hanji Artisan” to identify core elements of traditionality; (2) analyzed accumulated material-property datasets from multiple research projects to derive property thresholds for distinct standards; (3) diagnosed gaps and overlaps in the current KS standards and proposed technical and evaluative indicators aligned with international norms such as ISO and JIS; and (4) developed a practical operational model linking domestic certification systems to the forthcoming quality-labeling scheme.
The major findings are as follows.
First, surveys of nationwide Hanji workshops revealed substantial variability in both the cooking (steaming) process and sheet-forming process. Variations in the type, concentration, heating method, and duration of lye used in the cooking stage likely contributed to property differences observed in historical papers such as the replicas of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and government commendation papers. Although traditional single-frame and double-frame sheet-forming techniques remain possible, demographic aging and high labor intensity have reduced industrial sustainability. Conversely, the Jeonju region—having adopted early forms of semi-automatic or multi-directional sheet-forming—demonstrated the potential for improved productivity and process standardization. Furthermore, the use of controlled cooking systems, such as precision temperature–time steamers, was found to significantly reduce material variation, offering a feasible basis for high-quality, small-batch production of traditional Hanji.
Second, when existing material standards used for the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty reproduction and government commendation papers were applied to market-available traditional Hanji, many products—despite their high cost—failed to meet the stringent criteria. This does not indicate poor craftsmanship; rather, it reflects the impracticality and excessive rigidity of current manufacturing and quality requirements. Revised, realistic criteria are therefore essential for future application.
Third, the Korean KS standard (KS M 7704) and specifications used for the Annals and commendation papers require a significantly larger number of test items than international standards such as ICPAL, ISO 9706, and ISO 11108. Given Hanji’s diverse basis weights and production methods, it is necessary to simplify and reorganize the required tests around high-correlation indicators. Core metrics should include fiber composition, tearing strength, pH, brightness, and alkaline reserve, with folding endurance added as a supplementary indicator. Particularly, quantitative assessment of mulberry fiber content is essential, as it fundamentally determines long-term durability metrics such as tensile strength, folding endurance, and tear resistance.
Fourth, establishing an effective standardization system requires redefining Hanji—both in general and by manufacturing method—while unifying dimensional and labeling conventions. A public, multi-stakeholder consensus body composed of producers, distributors, consumers, experts, and policymakers should be created to support ongoing revisions. Reflecting realistic discussions, this study proposes the following definitions:
Traditional Hanji : Korean paper made primarily from domestically sourced mulberry inner bark fibers, using natural alkaline solutions and plant-based dispersants such as Hwangchokgyu.
Hanji : Korean paper made using mulberry inner bark fibers as the primary raw material.
Fifth, because the Hanji industry remains small-scale and largely family-based, KS certification has limited practical effect. The Standards of Private Sectors(SPS), based on voluntary consensus among producers within the same industry, is more suitable for the structure of the traditional Hanji sector. SPS standards can complement the KS framework, respond flexibly to market demands, and incorporate usage-specific criteria for conservation, printing, craft, and industrial Hanji. Accordingly, this study provides proposed SPS criteria and modeling frameworks by product category in the appendix.
Finally, institutional mechanisms for ensuring the credibility of Hanji quality are urgently needed. Establishing a certified national testing system would guarantee objectivity and fairness in quality assessment while reducing the financial burden on consumers and public institutions, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the forthcoming quality-labeling system.
In conclusion, the standardization of Hanji is not merely the creation of rigid specifications but a strategic task for safeguarding traditional techniques, ensuring industrial sustainability, and enhancing international competitiveness. Standardization should aim not at homogenizing artisanal methods but at protecting their value through clearly defined core quality benchmarks. Once Hanji’s definitions, processes, and evaluative criteria are reorganized within an integrated standard framework—based on a dual structure of “core fixed standards + optional variable elements”—Hanji will be able to advance simultaneously as a cultural heritage and as a contemporary material with global industrial potential. This study thus contributes to strengthening Hanji’s international standing in connection with ongoing UNESCO inscription efforts and to promoting high-value development within the traditional cultural industry.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• Ⅱ. 연구사 5
• 2.1 산업표준화 개념 5
• 2.2 연구 및 기술동향 10
• Ⅲ. 핵심공정 도출을 위한 한지 원료 및 지역별 생산 공정 분석 18
• 3.1 서론 18
• 3.2 연구방법 18
• 3.3 지역별 한지 생산 공정 비교 분석 20
• 3.3.1 원료 20
• 3.3.2 분산제 20
• 3.3.3 증해제 21
• 3.4 지역별 한지 생산 공정 비교 분석 21
• 3.5 결과 및 고찰 38
• Ⅳ. 한지 제조시 증해 방법에 따른 표준화 가능성 분석 41
• 4.1 서론 41
• 4.2 재료 및 방법 41
• 4.2.1 재료 41
• 4.2.2 방법 42
• 4.3 NaOH 및 Na2CO3 증해 45
• 4.3.1 NaOH 및 Na2CO3 알칼리도 분석 45
• 4.3.2 NaOH 및 Na2CO3 농도별 증해 후 제조된 한지 물성 분석 46
• 4.4 잿물증해 51
• 4.4.1 잿물 분석 51
• 4.4.2 잿물 증해 후 제조된 한지 물성 분석 54
• 4.5 결과 및 고찰 59
• Ⅴ. 품질 표준을 위한 수요처별 한지 품질기준 및 품질분석 62
• 5.1 서론 62
• 5.2 재료 및 방법 62
• 5.3 조선왕조실록 복본화 사업 품질 기준 63
• 5.4 조선왕조실록 복본화 사업 품질 기준에 따른 평가 66
• 5.5 행정안전부 정부포상용지 품질 기준 72
• 5.6 행정안전부 정부포상용지 품질기준에 따른 평가 74
• 5.7 이탈리아 국립기록유산보존복원중앙연구소(ICPAL) 품질 기준 81
• 5.8 이탈리아 국립기록유산보존복원중앙연구소(ICPAL) 품질
• 기준에 따른 평가 82
• 5.9 보존 복원용지의 국내외 품질기준 84
• 5.10 비교 분석 및 평가 87
• 5.11 결과 및 고찰 88
• Ⅵ. 품질표준 및 인증제를 위한 한지 주요 평가 항목 분석 90
• 6.1 서론 90
• 6.2 연구방법 91
• 6.3 닥섬유 함량 측정 91
• 6.4 닥섬유 화학적 분석 방법 93
• 6.5 한지 가속열화 시험방법 95
• 6.6 알칼리도 측정 97
• 6.7 결과 및 고찰 98
• Ⅶ. 한지 인증제도 및 인증 방법 101
• 7.1 서론 101
• 7.2 연구방법 106
• 7.3 한지의 정의 106
• 7.4 전통재료 인증 107
• 7.5 단체표준 인증 110
• 7.5.1 한지 단체표준 표시인증 심사기준 112
• 7.5.2 한지 단체표준 인증 Modeling 113
• 7.5.2.1 복원 복본용 한지 단체 표준인증 Modeling 114
• 7.5.2.2 기록 보존용 한지 단체 표준인증 Modeling 115
• 7.5.2.3 인쇄용 한지 단체 표준인증 Modeling 116
• 7.5.2.4 공예용 한지 단체 표준인증 Modeling 117
• 7.6 결과 및 고찰 117
• Ⅷ. 결론 120
• Ⅸ. 참고문헌 123
• Ⅹ. 부록 129
• 10.1 단체표준 표시인증 심사기준 129
• 10.2 단체표준 표시인증 Modeling 142
• 10.2.1 복원 복본용 한지 142
• 10.2.2 기록 보존용 한지 150
• 10.2.3 인쇄용 한지 155
• 10.2.4 공예용 한지 160
• 10.3 단체표준 신청 양식 및 내용 167
• 10.4 단체표준 관련 법령 173