폐기물 재자원화를 통한 암모니아 생산과 무탄소 연료 혼소 발전의 지속가능성 평가 = Sustainability Assessment of Ammonia Production from Waste and Co-Firing Systems with Carbon-Free Fuels

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Achieving carbon neutrality to combat climate change and addressing the escalating issue of municipal solid waste are critical challenges facing modern society. This study aims to tackle both problems simultaneously by comprehensively evaluating the sustainability of an integrated energy system, from the production of carbon-free ammonia from waste to its utilization in existing power generation systems.
The first part of the study analyzed the feasibility of ammonia production processes using waste. Four scenarios, including conventional incineration (INCI) and the Haber-Bosch (HB) process as baselines, as well as innovative mechanochemical synthesis (BM) and an integrated chemical looping process (CLBM), were designed and evaluated through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA). LCA results demonstrated the environmental superiority of the BM process, which exhibited the lowest absolute greenhouse gas emissions. TEA results confirmed that the CLBM process was the most economically promising option, effectively minimizing financial losses and demonstrating robustness against market fluctuations due to its high productivity and raw material self-sufficiency.
The second part of the study analyzed the effects of utilizing the produced ammonia in a 100 MW Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) system through co-firing. The emission characteristics and economic feasibility were evaluated according to the co-firing ratios of ammonia, hydrogen, and methanol. Results indicated that hydrogen co-firing was the most effective for CO2 reduction but presented a trade-off with increased NOx emissions. Economic analysis based on a 2050 future scenario predicted that hydrogen power generation could achieve higher economic viability than natural gas, driven by strong carbon pricing and reduced clean fuel costs.
In conclusion, this research provides an integrated validation of the technical, environmental, and economic sustainability of the entire value chain, from waste valorization to carbon-free energy utilization. It thereby holds academic significance in demonstrating that the proposed circular economy model can serve as a realistic and promising alternative in the transition toward a carbon-neutral society.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 (Introduction) 1
• 1.1 연구 배경 및 필요성 1
• 1.2 연구 목적 및 범위 5
• 1.3 논문의 구성 7
• 제2장 이론적 배경 (Theoretical Background) 9
• 2.1 폐기물 자원화를 통한 암모니아 생산 기술 9
• 2.1.1 소각 공정 9
• 2.1.2 가스화 공정 10
• 2.1.3 압력 순환 흡착 공정 11
• 2.1.4 화학적 루핑 공정 12
• 2.1.5 하버-보슈 공정 13
• 2.1.6 기계화학적 합성 공정 14
• 2.2 무탄소 연료 혼소 발전 기술 16
• 2.2.1 혼소 발전의 개요 및 NGCC 시스템 17
• 2.2.2 NOx 저감 기술 18
• 2.3 지속가능성 평가 방법론 19
• 2.3.1 전과정평가 19
• 2.3.2 기술경제성분석 20
• 제3장 폐기물 이용 지속가능한 암모니아 생산 21
• 3.1 연구 개요 21
• 3.2 공정 설계 및 시뮬레이션 23
• 3.2.1 연구 범위 및 가정 23
• 3.2.2 시나리오 구성 25
• 3.2.3 시나리오별 공정 모델링 28
• 3.3 결과 및 고찰 38
• 3.3.1 암모니아 생산성 및 유틸리티 소모량 분석 38
• 3.3.2 LCA 결과 41
• 3.3.3 TEA 결과 44
• 3.3.4 민감도 분석 47
• 3.4 소결 50
• 제4장 무탄소 연료 혼소 발전의 지속가능성 평가 51
• 4.1 연구 개요 51
• 4.2 공정 설계 및 시뮬레이션 53
• 4.2.1 연구 범위 및 가정 53
• 4.2.2 공정 모델링 55
• 4.3 결과 및 고찰 58
• 4.3.1 연료 소모량 및 연소 온도 분석 58
• 4.3.2 온실가스 및 NOx 배출 특성 61
• 4.3.3 TEA 결과 63
• 4.4 소결 67
• 제5장 결론 68
• 5.1 연구 결과 요약 및 시사점 68
• 5.2 연구의 의의 및 한계점 71
• 5.3 향후 연구 제언 74
• 참고문헌 76