In food manufacturing processes, water used for washing, soaking, dilution, and cooling serves as an essential resource but also a major route for microbial cross-contamination. Consequently, there is growing demand for disinfection technologies that ...
In food manufacturing processes, water used for washing, soaking, dilution, and cooling serves as an essential resource but also a major route for microbial cross-contamination. Consequently, there is growing demand for disinfection technologies that are efficient, leave minimal residues, and can be readily integrated into existing processing lines. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has gained attention as a non-thermal technology that provides rapid microbial inactivation without generating chemical by-products. In the fresh produce sector, the need for alternatives to conventional sodium hypochlorite—whose efficacy is compromised by pH fluctuations, organic load, and the formation of disinfection by-products—has also increased. Slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHW) is considered a suitable candidate for fresh produce sanitation because it maintains a high proportion of available chlorine in the form of HOCl, which has strong antimicrobial activity and low residual toxicity.
This study evaluated two disinfection technologies aimed at controlling microbiological hazards in food manufacturing environments: (1) UV disinfection for the inactivation of diverse microorganisms present in process water, and (2) SAHW treatment for reducing microbial loads on fresh produce surfaces. Both technologies were assessed at laboratory scale and under real processing conditions.
A collimated beam test was first conducted using E. coli, S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis spores, and MS-2 bacteriophage. Most bacteria exhibited > 3-log reductions at approximately 20 mJ/cm2, whereas MS-2 bacteriophage required a considerably higher UV dose (> 70 mJ/cm2), confirming substantial variation in UV sensitivity among microorganisms. UV transmittance was identified as a key determinant of inactivation efficiency, while the influence of general water quality parameters was limited. Bio-dosimetry tests using 11W and 30W UV reactors further demonstrated a typical decline in inactivation efficiency with increasing flow rate. Based on these results, the required UV doses were calculated for reactors of different sizes and operational conditions, providing essential data for the design and management of process-water treatment systems. Spiking tests conducted in an actual food manufacturing facility showed that the inactivation patterns observed in the laboratory were reproducible under real-world conditions.
SAHW disinfection performance was also examined. E. coli, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes were reduced by more than 5 logs within 5 seconds, and even B. subtilis spores—typically more resistant—showed >4-log reduction within 5 minutes. These results highlight the strong antimicrobial activity of HOCl, which predominates under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0–6.5). In lettuce washing trials, SAHW demonstrated microbial reduction comparable to or greater than that of sodium hypochlorite for both total bacteria and heat-resistant spores, while minimizing quality deterioration and suppressing microbial growth during storage. Sensory evaluation and electronic-nose analysis revealed that SAHW-treated lettuce maintained higher freshness in terms of color, odor, appearance, and texture. The treatment also preserved a strong green-color profile, further supporting its quality-retention capability.
Overall, this study demonstrates that UV disinfection and SAHW are both effective technologies for microbial control in process water and fresh produce, with strong potential for application at laboratory and industrial scales. The findings provide technical evidence to enhance microbiological hazard management in food manufacturing processes and offer foundational data for advancing food safety management systems.