설푸릴플루오라이드 및 에틸포메이트를 이용한 목재류에 대한 최적 소독 기법 = Optimal Fumigation Treatment for Controlling Wood Pests using Sulfuryl fluoride and Ethyl formate

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Methyl bromide(MB) has been widely used as a primary fumigant for wood quarantine in Korea. However, its phase-out under international environmental regulations has accelerated the need for effective alternatives. Sulfuryl fluoride(SF) and ethyl formate(EF) have emerged as potential candidates, yet their efficacy across different wood boring insects and developmental stages, as well as their suitability for wood quarantine. This study systematically evaluated the fumigation performance of SF and EF individually and in combination against three wood pests : Reticulitermes speratus, Monochamus alternatus, and Rhyzopertha dominica. Additional assessments of wood penetration, sorption characteristics, and operational safety were conducted to establish supported phytosanitary treatment guidelines that could replace MB.
In the individual bioassays conducted at 23℃ for 24 h, both fumigants exhibited strong insecticidal activity but showed clear developmental stage dependent differences in susceptibility. SF required substantially higher Ct products to control egg stages of M. alternatus and R. dominica(LCt99 : 3933.0 and 669.5 mg h/L, respectively), whereas EF demonstrated the highest Ct requirement for R dominica pupae(LCt99 : 1057.0 mg h/L). Wood penetration experiments confirmed high permeability of SF through wooden cubes and adequate diffusion of EF beneath pine bark. Sorption tests demonstrated minimal sorption of SF to pine wood, while EF exhibited rapid and extensive sorption, leading to nearly 80-90% reductions in gas concentration during exposure.
Based on differential susceptibility patterns, combined SF+EF treatments were formulated with SF targeting non-egg stages and EF targeting egg stages. Small-scale and 0.5m3 scale-up trials demonstrated complete mortality of R. dominica and M. alternatus with mixed doses of SF 20.0 mg/L and EF 150.0 mg/L for 24 h. The resultant Ct products (SF : 629.7-652.7 mg h/L; EF : 614.1-630.9 mg h/L) exceeded the LCt99 values required for each developmental stage, despite showing no synergistic enhancement(synergistic ratio ≤ 1.0). Monitoring of post-fumigation desorption showed that both fumigants decreased below occupational exposure limits (SF : 5 ppm; EF 100 ppm) within 30 min, confirming worker-safe conditions during venting.
Collectively, the present findings establish stage-specific efficacy thresholds for SF and EF, verify their penetration and sorption characteristics in pine wood, and demonstrate that combined SF+EF fumigation can achieve complete control of key wood boring pests at reduced dose compared to individual treatments. These results provide practical and scientifically supported evidence that SF and EF, particularly when applied in combination, represent viable and environmentally safer alternatives to methyl bromide for wood quarantine treatments. The outcomes of this research contribute to the development of future phytosanitary treatment guidelines and support the transition toward MB-free global trade in wood quarantine.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• Ⅱ. 재료 및 방법 4
• 1. 시험 약제 4
• 2. 시험 해충 7
• 3. Ct product(Concentration × time product) 산출 8
• 4. SF 및 EF 단독 처리 시험 10
• 5. SF 및 EF 병용 처리 및 상승효과 시험 15
• 6. SF 및 EF 침투성 시험 17
• 7. SF 및 EF 수착성 시험 19
• 8. 소규모 시험 20
• 9. 중규모 시험 21
• 10. 통계 분석 24
• Ⅲ. 결과 25
• 1. SF 및 EF 단독 처리 시험 25
• 2. SF 및 EF 병용 처리 및 상승효과 시험 31
• 3. SF 및 EF 침투성 시험 35
• 4. SF 및 EF 수착성 시험 38
• 5. 소규모 시험 42
• 6. 중규모 시험 44
• Ⅳ.고찰 56
• Ⅴ. 결론 60
• 참고 문헌 61