This study examines the experiences of migrant workers within the broader context of China’s urbanization, focusing on those working and living in Beijing. Drawing on in-depth interviews and extended field observations, it explores the ways in which...
This study examines the experiences of migrant workers within the broader context of China’s urbanization, focusing on those working and living in Beijing. Drawing on in-depth interviews and extended field observations, it explores the ways in which migrant workers construct social relationships in the city, the structural and everyday difficulties they encounter, and how these processes differ across generations. Much of the existing scholarship assumes that younger migrant workers are more willing and better positioned to integrate into urban society; however, the empirical materials collected during fieldwork suggest a more intricate and sometimes contradictory reality.
To better situate this reality, the research places the internal migration of Chinese rural–urban migrants in conversation with international migration. The hukou system and the institutional separation between urban and rural sectors form a boundary that, while operating within a single nation-state, in many respects resembles a quasi-border. Within this framework, migrant workers remain citizens, yet their access to urban welfare and public resources is often constrained in ways that shape both their opportunities and their sense of belonging. Against this institutional backdrop, the study compares older migrant workers (aged forty and above) with younger workers (aged thirty-five and below), paying particular attention to the structure and texture of their social networks. Younger workers appear to engage in a wider range of everyday interactions and no longer rely exclusively on ties to fellow villagers; even so, the relatively loose and instrumental ties they form rarely develop into bridging connections capable of supporting upward mobility. In practice, when seeking employment, financial help, or everyday assistance, both generations continue to turn primarily toward kinship- and hometown-based networks, while sustained interaction with local urban residents remains limited.
These patterns are closely intertwined with the ways migrant workers think and feel about Beijing and their hometowns. Rather than assuming that younger migrants aspire to “settle in the city,” the study asks how they themselves imagine the future. Field encounters with construction workers, domestic workers, delivery riders, and ride-hailing drivers reveal a recurring orientation toward eventual return. Beijing is understood less as a destination for long-term settlement than as a place for temporary work and income accumulation. This instrumental imagination of the city is not merely a personal attitude; it reflects anticipation of exclusion as well as a pragmatic strategy for navigating constraints. In this sense, the research advances the notion of a “prolonged temporary stay,” a condition in which the desire to remain and the impossibility of truly settling coexist, suspending workers in a state that is neither transient nor fully stable.
Methodologically, the study is grounded in qualitative inquiry conducted across a range of everyday spaces, including the Majialou labor market in Tongzhou and multiple workplaces such as construction sites, private households, logistics firms, nail salons, and massage parlors. Encounters with visually impaired massage workers, a particularly marginalized subgroup, made the dynamics of systemic exclusion even more visible in the research process and offered opportunities to reflect on how vulnerability is socially produced and unevenly distributed.
The analysis contributes to theory in several respects. Rather than treating weak ties as inherently enabling, it shows how institutional exclusion limits their capacity to function as social bridges, even among younger migrants who appear more socially mobile on the surface. It also highlights the tension between ascribed and acquired resources: although many younger workers possess higher levels of education and digital fluency, the social resources they can effectively mobilize continue to be anchored in kinship, locality, and pre-existing relationship networks. The concept of “prolonged temporary stay” further illuminates a form of urban existence that cannot be neatly captured by either seasonal migration or permanent settlement, revealing how workers craft workable strategies in the space between aspiration and constraint.
From a policy perspective, the findings suggest that improving migrant workers’ urban integration requires more than wage adjustments or housing improvements. Meaningful change depends on reducing the institutional barriers embedded in the hukou system and on creating conditions in which diverse and genuine interactions between migrants and urban residents can take root. At the same time, policies that presuppose full and immediate integration risk amplifying migrants’ sense of burden and failure. A more sustainable approach to urbanization would provide pathways for those who hope to remain in the city, while also recognizing the legitimacy of returning home and supporting that choice through entrepreneurship programs, social security, and retirement protection. The life trajectories of informal workers, as the study shows, are not only central to their own well-being, but also intimately tied to the longer-term direction of China’s urban transformation.