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      베이징 중국 이주 노동자의 농동 세계와 생활 세계 : 정체성 인식 세대 간 비교에 기초한 질적연구 = The Working World and Life World of Migrant Workers in Beijing, China: A Qualitative Study Based on an Intergenerational Comparison of Identity Perceptions

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T17370134

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      This study examines the experiences of migrant workers within the broader context of China’s urbanization, focusing on those working and living in Beijing. Drawing on in-depth interviews and extended field observations, it explores the ways in which migrant workers construct social relationships in the city, the structural and everyday difficulties they encounter, and how these processes differ across generations. Much of the existing scholarship assumes that younger migrant workers are more willing and better positioned to integrate into urban society; however, the empirical materials collected during fieldwork suggest a more intricate and sometimes contradictory reality.
      To better situate this reality, the research places the internal migration of Chinese rural–urban migrants in conversation with international migration. The hukou system and the institutional separation between urban and rural sectors form a boundary that, while operating within a single nation-state, in many respects resembles a quasi-border. Within this framework, migrant workers remain citizens, yet their access to urban welfare and public resources is often constrained in ways that shape both their opportunities and their sense of belonging. Against this institutional backdrop, the study compares older migrant workers (aged forty and above) with younger workers (aged thirty-five and below), paying particular attention to the structure and texture of their social networks. Younger workers appear to engage in a wider range of everyday interactions and no longer rely exclusively on ties to fellow villagers; even so, the relatively loose and instrumental ties they form rarely develop into bridging connections capable of supporting upward mobility. In practice, when seeking employment, financial help, or everyday assistance, both generations continue to turn primarily toward kinship- and hometown-based networks, while sustained interaction with local urban residents remains limited.
      These patterns are closely intertwined with the ways migrant workers think and feel about Beijing and their hometowns. Rather than assuming that younger migrants aspire to “settle in the city,” the study asks how they themselves imagine the future. Field encounters with construction workers, domestic workers, delivery riders, and ride-hailing drivers reveal a recurring orientation toward eventual return. Beijing is understood less as a destination for long-term settlement than as a place for temporary work and income accumulation. This instrumental imagination of the city is not merely a personal attitude; it reflects anticipation of exclusion as well as a pragmatic strategy for navigating constraints. In this sense, the research advances the notion of a “prolonged temporary stay,” a condition in which the desire to remain and the impossibility of truly settling coexist, suspending workers in a state that is neither transient nor fully stable.
      Methodologically, the study is grounded in qualitative inquiry conducted across a range of everyday spaces, including the Majialou labor market in Tongzhou and multiple workplaces such as construction sites, private households, logistics firms, nail salons, and massage parlors. Encounters with visually impaired massage workers, a particularly marginalized subgroup, made the dynamics of systemic exclusion even more visible in the research process and offered opportunities to reflect on how vulnerability is socially produced and unevenly distributed.
      The analysis contributes to theory in several respects. Rather than treating weak ties as inherently enabling, it shows how institutional exclusion limits their capacity to function as social bridges, even among younger migrants who appear more socially mobile on the surface. It also highlights the tension between ascribed and acquired resources: although many younger workers possess higher levels of education and digital fluency, the social resources they can effectively mobilize continue to be anchored in kinship, locality, and pre-existing relationship networks. The concept of “prolonged temporary stay” further illuminates a form of urban existence that cannot be neatly captured by either seasonal migration or permanent settlement, revealing how workers craft workable strategies in the space between aspiration and constraint.
      From a policy perspective, the findings suggest that improving migrant workers’ urban integration requires more than wage adjustments or housing improvements. Meaningful change depends on reducing the institutional barriers embedded in the hukou system and on creating conditions in which diverse and genuine interactions between migrants and urban residents can take root. At the same time, policies that presuppose full and immediate integration risk amplifying migrants’ sense of burden and failure. A more sustainable approach to urbanization would provide pathways for those who hope to remain in the city, while also recognizing the legitimacy of returning home and supporting that choice through entrepreneurship programs, social security, and retirement protection. The life trajectories of informal workers, as the study shows, are not only central to their own well-being, but also intimately tied to the longer-term direction of China’s urban transformation.
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      This study examines the experiences of migrant workers within the broader context of China’s urbanization, focusing on those working and living in Beijing. Drawing on in-depth interviews and extended field observations, it explores the ways in which...

      This study examines the experiences of migrant workers within the broader context of China’s urbanization, focusing on those working and living in Beijing. Drawing on in-depth interviews and extended field observations, it explores the ways in which migrant workers construct social relationships in the city, the structural and everyday difficulties they encounter, and how these processes differ across generations. Much of the existing scholarship assumes that younger migrant workers are more willing and better positioned to integrate into urban society; however, the empirical materials collected during fieldwork suggest a more intricate and sometimes contradictory reality.
      To better situate this reality, the research places the internal migration of Chinese rural–urban migrants in conversation with international migration. The hukou system and the institutional separation between urban and rural sectors form a boundary that, while operating within a single nation-state, in many respects resembles a quasi-border. Within this framework, migrant workers remain citizens, yet their access to urban welfare and public resources is often constrained in ways that shape both their opportunities and their sense of belonging. Against this institutional backdrop, the study compares older migrant workers (aged forty and above) with younger workers (aged thirty-five and below), paying particular attention to the structure and texture of their social networks. Younger workers appear to engage in a wider range of everyday interactions and no longer rely exclusively on ties to fellow villagers; even so, the relatively loose and instrumental ties they form rarely develop into bridging connections capable of supporting upward mobility. In practice, when seeking employment, financial help, or everyday assistance, both generations continue to turn primarily toward kinship- and hometown-based networks, while sustained interaction with local urban residents remains limited.
      These patterns are closely intertwined with the ways migrant workers think and feel about Beijing and their hometowns. Rather than assuming that younger migrants aspire to “settle in the city,” the study asks how they themselves imagine the future. Field encounters with construction workers, domestic workers, delivery riders, and ride-hailing drivers reveal a recurring orientation toward eventual return. Beijing is understood less as a destination for long-term settlement than as a place for temporary work and income accumulation. This instrumental imagination of the city is not merely a personal attitude; it reflects anticipation of exclusion as well as a pragmatic strategy for navigating constraints. In this sense, the research advances the notion of a “prolonged temporary stay,” a condition in which the desire to remain and the impossibility of truly settling coexist, suspending workers in a state that is neither transient nor fully stable.
      Methodologically, the study is grounded in qualitative inquiry conducted across a range of everyday spaces, including the Majialou labor market in Tongzhou and multiple workplaces such as construction sites, private households, logistics firms, nail salons, and massage parlors. Encounters with visually impaired massage workers, a particularly marginalized subgroup, made the dynamics of systemic exclusion even more visible in the research process and offered opportunities to reflect on how vulnerability is socially produced and unevenly distributed.
      The analysis contributes to theory in several respects. Rather than treating weak ties as inherently enabling, it shows how institutional exclusion limits their capacity to function as social bridges, even among younger migrants who appear more socially mobile on the surface. It also highlights the tension between ascribed and acquired resources: although many younger workers possess higher levels of education and digital fluency, the social resources they can effectively mobilize continue to be anchored in kinship, locality, and pre-existing relationship networks. The concept of “prolonged temporary stay” further illuminates a form of urban existence that cannot be neatly captured by either seasonal migration or permanent settlement, revealing how workers craft workable strategies in the space between aspiration and constraint.
      From a policy perspective, the findings suggest that improving migrant workers’ urban integration requires more than wage adjustments or housing improvements. Meaningful change depends on reducing the institutional barriers embedded in the hukou system and on creating conditions in which diverse and genuine interactions between migrants and urban residents can take root. At the same time, policies that presuppose full and immediate integration risk amplifying migrants’ sense of burden and failure. A more sustainable approach to urbanization would provide pathways for those who hope to remain in the city, while also recognizing the legitimacy of returning home and supporting that choice through entrepreneurship programs, social security, and retirement protection. The life trajectories of informal workers, as the study shows, are not only central to their own well-being, but also intimately tied to the longer-term direction of China’s urban transformation.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • I. 서론 1
      • 1. 연구 배경과 연구 문제 1
      • 2. 연구목적과 필요성 6
      • II. 선행연구 검트 10
      • I. 서론 1
      • 1. 연구 배경과 연구 문제 1
      • 2. 연구목적과 필요성 6
      • II. 선행연구 검트 10
      • 1. 국제 이주와 중국 국내 이주: 유사성과 차이점 10
      • 1.1 제도적 장벽의 유사성 10
      • 1.2 제도 환경의 핵심적 차이점 11
      • 1.3 통합 이론의 적용성과 한계 13
      • 2. 대도시 이주노동자 문제 연구: 베이징, 상하이 등 대도시 13
      • 2.1 이주노동자 집단의 이질성 특징 13
      • 2.2 대도시 이주노동자의 사회 네트워크와 소득 16
      • 2.3 대도시 이주노동자의 통합 어려움 18
      • 3. 농민공 세대 간 차이와 사회 네트워크 전환 18
      • 3.1 세대 구분과 특성 차이 18
      • 3.2 세대 간 차이에 대한 실증 연구 19
      • 3.3 노년층 이주노동자의 사회적 네트워크 특성 20
      • 3.4 신세대 이주노동자의 사회 네트워크 전환 21
      • 4. 결혼관계의 연결다리 역할을 22
      • 5. 사회 네트워크 전환의 메커니즘과 장애 23
      • 6. 중국 특유의 사회 자본 운영 24
      • 7.정체성 인식과 도시 통합 26
      • 8.연구 시사점 27
      • Ⅲ. 자료 수집 및 연구 방법 29
      • 1. 질적 연구의 틀: 면담과 현지 관찰 29
      • 1.1 심층 면담과 현지 관찰 29
      • 2. 면담 대상자 선정 기준 30
      • 3. 표본 모집과 현지 실천 33
      • 4. 면담 개요 설계와 연구 윤리 35
      • Ⅳ 데이터 분석 부분 37
      • 1. 사회 네트워크 폐쇄적 계층과 제한된 확장 37
      • 1.1 노년층 이주 노동자 고향 동창회의 폐쇄된 세계 37
      • 1.1.1 청훙 사회적 네트워크는 기본적으로 모두 동향인들로 구 성 됨 37
      • 1.1.2 리화 가정 도우미의 폐쇄된 생활권 38
      • 1.1.3 구리 동료 중심의 동향 네트워크 40
      • 1.2 신세대 이주 노동자 제한된 새로운 사회 네트워크 확장 41
      • 1.2.1 리저 매우 이성화한 소셜 논리 41
      • 1.2.2 장솨이 동료들 사이에서 사교할 , 여유가 없다 42
      • 1.2.3 (천샤오첸 샤오홍슈 소셜앱 를) 통해 소셜 네트워크 확 장 43
      • 1.2.4 강보 문학 집단 내의 정신적 교류 46
      • 1.3 사회 네트워크의 세대 간 비교 48
      • 2. 신세대와 구세대의 결혼 관계에 대한 인식 51
      • 2.1 노년층 이주 노동자 결혼이 만들어낸 책임 51
      • 2.2 신세대 이주노동자 결혼관계에 대한 새로운 이해 54
      • 2.3 결혼 유지 논리의 세대 간 차이 57
      • 2.3.1 노년층 이주 노동자 경제적 부양을 핵심으로 한 도구적 결혼 57
      • 2.3.2 신세대 이주 노동자 경제적 이성과 정서적 요구 사이에서 고민하다 57
      • 3. 지역 정체성과 귀향 상상 도구적 : 베이징 체류와 고향에 대한 그리움 59
      • 3.1 노년층 이주 노동자 체류 인식과 확고한 귀향 의지 59
      • 3.2 신세대 이주 노동자 이성적 계획과 감정적 갈등이 교차 64
      • 3.3 세대 간 비교 계승과 변화 신구 —— 두 세대 농민공의 차이점과 공통점 76
      • 3.3.1 도시 정체성의 세대별 분화 수동적 : 수용에서 능동적 거부로 77
      • 3.3.2 도시 거주 동기의 세대별 분화 단일 : 경제적 목표에서 다원적 가치 추구로 78
      • 3.3.3 감정 세계의 성별화 차이 현실적 : 이성과 관계적 딜레마 80
      • 3.3.4 : 구조적 딜레마 서로 다른 길이지만 같은 귀향의 운명 81
      • 4. 농민공의 부유 상태 세대 간 지속과 변화 82
      • 4.1 부유 상태란 무엇인가 82
      • 4.1.1 : 노년층 이주 노동자들 수동적으로 견뎌내는 부유 상태 83
      • 4.1.2 신세대의 부유 84
      • 4.1.3 부유 상태가 왜 지속되는가? 85
      • V. 결론 87
      • 5.1. 요약 87
      • 5.2 세대 간 차이 동질적에서 이질적로 87
      • 5.3 세대 간 공통점 “임시적 체류" 와“부유 상태”의 구조적 근원 89
      • 5.4 연구 함의와 한계 90
      • 마무리 말 92
      • 참고문헌 94
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