도서지역 해안사구의 염생식물에 대한 식물상과 식생복원계획에 관한 연구 : 전남 신안군을 중심으로 = A Study on the Halophyte Flora and Ecological Vegetation Restoration Strategies of Island Coastal Dunes:A Case Study of Shinan County, Jeollanam-do, Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1. This study comprehensively investigated the distributional characteristics and life-form composition of halophytic plants in coastal dune ecosystems across major island areas of Shinan County, Jeollanam-do, Korea, including Bigeum-do, Dochodo, Imja-do, Jeungdo, Jaeun-do, and Ui-do. Coastal dunes are unique ecosystems formed under extreme environmental conditions such as wind, sand movement, and salinity, and they perform multiple ecological functions, including shoreline stabilization, provision of habitats for marine and terrestrial organisms, and maintenance of local living environments. However, over recent decades, coastal dune ecosystems in the region have been severely degraded due to anthropogenic disturbances such as tourism development, windbreak forest establishment, agricultural expansion, and the spread of invasive alien species. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the current status of coastal dunes and halophytic vegetation in major island areas of Shinan County and to propose ecological management and conservation strategies based on case studies of vegetation restoration within the study area.

2. Field surveys were conducted seasonally from March 2021 to May 2025. Survey sites were classified into dune areas, wetland areas, mixed zones, hinterland areas, and rocky zones. Vascular plant species occurrence was recorded in each zone and analyzed according to the life-form classification system of Raunkiaer (1934). In addition, Dormancy form, Radicoid form, and Disseminule form were examined to identify adaptive strategies of dune vegetation under extreme environmental conditions. The degree of dune disturbance and the distribution of naturalized plant species were also investigated to elucidate the relationship between disturbance and ecological restoration.

3. A total of 261 taxa of vascular plants were identified in the coastal dunes of Shinan County, accounting for approximately 6.2% of the vascular flora of Korea. Among these, 38 taxa (14.6%) were classified as specific plants, including endemic and rare species such as Lespedeza maritima, Glehnia littoralis, Orobanche coerulescens, and Carex pumila. These results demonstrate the high conservation value of Shinan County’s coastal dunes at both national and academic levels. In contrast, 48 taxa of naturalized plants were recorded, with a naturalization index (NI) of 18.4% and an urbanization index (UI) of 15.0%. The mixed zones exhibited the highest naturalization rate (33.9%), followed by hinterland areas (23.3%), while dune areas showed a relatively low rate (7.7%). These findings indicate that anthropogenic disturbance and alien species invasion directly affect the ecological stability of coastal dune ecosystems.

4. Life-form analysis revealed that hemicryptophytes (H) accounted for the highest proportion (23.8%), followed by annual plants (therophytes, Th; 22.6%) and winter annuals (Th(w); 16.5%). This distribution suggests that perennial halophytes and short-lived annual species coexist in the nutrient-poor and highly variable coastal dune environment, forming a distinctive vegetation structure. Habitat-specific analysis showed that dune areas were dominated by hemicryptophytes, indicating relatively stable vegetation structure, whereas mixed zones exhibited higher proportions of Th and Th(w), reflecting short-term colonization strategies following disturbance. Hinterland areas displayed transitional characteristics with a mixture of H, Th, geophytes (G), and megaphanerophytes (M). Wetland and rocky zones were characterized by specialized life forms such as helophytes (HH) and geophytes, reflecting the influence of microhabitat conditions.

5. This study presents a concrete model for coastal dune ecosystem restoration based on the restoration case of the Simok coastal dune in Docho-myeon. In this area, partial removal of windbreak forests and planting of native halophytic species such as Elymus mollis, Carex kobomugi, and Calystegia soldanella facilitated the recovery of natural sand movement processes. This case exemplifies ecological restoration principles that aim not merely at vegetation planting but at restoring the inherent dynamic structure and functions of coastal dunes. The model is evaluated as a representative restoration approach applicable to coastal dune restoration projects throughout Shinan County and provides a practical foundation for expansion to other island areas.

6. Comprehensive management and conservation strategies were proposed to ensure the ecological restoration and long-term preservation of coastal dunes in Shinan County. First, considering the accelerating coastal erosion in island regions, the establishment of coastal setback zones was emphasized as a spatial management principle to maintain dune integrity. Second, existing windbreak forests, often dominated by non-native species and conflicting with dune ecosystems, should be reorganized to allow coexistence with native halophytic vegetation. Third, as the continuous spread of naturalized plants was observed across dune areas, integrated vegetation management combining alien species removal with restoration using native species such as Carex pumila and Carex kobomugi was identified as a key strategy. Fourth, given the strong influence of seasonal and climatic factors on dune dynamics, long-term monitoring systems incorporating scientific surveys and database construction are essential, along with the establishment of adaptive management frameworks. Furthermore, strengthening institutional foundations—such as protected area designation and adjustment of ecological maps and biotope grading—will enhance the effectiveness of dune conservation. These strategies recognize coastal dunes not merely as landscape resources but as critical foundations for climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem services.

7. Although the coastal dunes of Shinan County possess high conservation value due to geographic isolation and unique halophytic plant diversity, their ecological stability has been significantly weakened by cumulative disturbances, including tourism development, artificial structures, disruption of wind corridors, and invasive species expansion. By synthesizing these degradation patterns, this study derived sustainable management and conservation strategies. First, securing coastal setback zones is essential to preserve dune integrity by restoring natural sand exchange between beaches and dunes, thereby enhancing long-term geomorphic stability and disaster resilience. Second, plantation-style windbreak forests that block dune dynamics should be restructured into open, nature-based forms to allow natural processes and native plant communities to reestablish. Third, as alien species distort successional pathways and weaken vegetation competitiveness, integrated management combining invasive species removal with native halophyte restoration—particularly reintroduction of key dune species such as Carex kobomugi and Elymus mollis—is crucial for erosion control and resilience enhancement. Fourth, long-term monitoring and adaptive management systems are required, as dune ecosystems are highly sensitive to climate change and coastal environmental variation.

8. In conclusion, the coastal dunes of Shinan County simultaneously exhibit high conservation value due to distinctive halophytic plant diversity and vulnerability arising from the spread of naturalized species. Dune areas should be designated as priority conservation zones to maintain original vegetation, while mixed and hinterland areas should be managed as priority restoration zones with differentiated strategies. Through life-form analysis and restoration case studies, this research provides fundamental data for restoring dune ecosystem integrity and establishing sustainable management frameworks. Furthermore, within the context of intensifying climate change and human pressure, this study academically substantiates the ecological value and management necessity of island coastal dunes and contributes to future national conservation policy development and the establishment of community-based ecological management models.
keywords : Coastal dune ecosystems, Halophytic vegetation, Life-form analysis, Ecological restoration, Shinan County

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서 론 1
• 제2장 재료 및 방법 6
• 1. 조사지 개황 6
• 1.1. 해안사구의 개념 6
• 1.2. 신안군 해안사구의 지형 및 입지 특성 10
• 1.3. 자연환경 13
• 2. 조사방법 17
• 2.1. 식물상 및 생활형 분석 17
• 2.2. 식생조사 19
• 제3장 연구결과 21
• 1. 해안사구 식물상 및 식생조사 21
• 1.1. 신안군 해안사구 염생식물상 특성 21
• 1.2. 신안군 해안사구의 서식지 유형별 염생식물 분포 29
• 1.3. 신안군 주요 해안사구 염생식물 분포 56
• 1.4. 신안군 주요 해안사구 식생 87
• 2. 연구결과에 따른 복원 사례 122
• 2.1. 해안사구 생태적 식생복원의 필요성 및 방법 122
• 2.2. 해안사구 생태복원 복원사례 126
• 제4장 신안군 해안사구 생태적 관리 및 보전 150
• 1. 해안사구 생태적 관리 및 보전 전략 150
• 1.1. 연안 침식완충지역(Coastal Setback) 확보 150
• 1.2. 침식완충지역 설정의 원칙 및 실행 전략 153
• 1.3. 연안 침수완충구역 관리 방안 157
• 1.4. 해안사구 보전 및 확장 전략 159
• 2. 해안사구 보전을 위한 보호지역 지정 방안 162
• 2.1. 보호지역 지정의 필요성 162
• 2.2. 해안사구 보호지역 지정 방안 163
• 제5장 고찰 166
• 제6장 적요 171
• 참고문헌 175
• 부 록 183