농업시설과 간척지 노지 환경에서의 미세먼지 발생 특성 및 저감 기술 연구 = Particulate Matter Generation Characteristics and Mitigation Technologies in Agricultural Facilities and Reclaimed Open-Field Environments

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Rural workforce aging, intensified production systems, and increasing climate variability are elevating the air-quality burden in agricultural environments. Particulate matter (PM) is a major pollutant that threatens both occupational health and the sustainability of agricultural production. However, agricultural spaces differ substantially in structure, operation, and work practices, and a coherent framework linking diagnosis, mitigation, and interpretable multi-benefit evaluation remains limited. This study quantified PM generation mechanisms and exposure structures in representative agricultural facilities and reclaimed open-field environments, developed and demonstrated tailored mitigation technologies, and proposed a policy-interpretable, multi-axis index framework for integrating the co-benefits of vegetation-based mitigation in reclaimed farmlands.
The study targeted three representative settings: (1) a peach sorting and packaging facility, (2) a mechanically ventilated (tunnel-type) enclosed broiler house, and (3) winter forage crop fields (whole-crop barley and triticale) in the Saemangeum reclaimed farmland. Field investigations combined filter-based gravimetric measurements with light-scattering real-time monitoring and task-linked concentration analysis to identify high-exposure periods and emission characteristics. Airflow and particle dispersion were reproduced using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with a discrete phase model (DPM), and ventilation conditions and the performance of a local dust-control device were evaluated using multiple indices. For the reclaimed farmland, a small-scale wind tunnel experiment was conducted to estimate cumulative PM adsorption considering planting density, canopy growth, and rainfall. Carbon reduction was quantified by separating direct sequestration (including aboveground biomass, belowground roots, and soil carbon storage) from indirect reduction via forage substitution. In addition, forage import substitution was quantified as a core indicator of the economic axis. These indicators were normalized and integrated into a three-axis index representing social (fugitive dust mitigation and health-related benefit), environmental (carbon reduction), and economic (forage self-sufficiency/import substitution) values, and the robustness of results was tested under alternative policy-weighting scenarios and sensitivity analyses.
In the peach sorting and packaging facility, PM concentrations differed clearly by zone and process, with mean levels of 120.0, 53.0, and 19.0 ㎍/m³ for TSP, PM-10, and PM-2.5, respectively. Distinct work-induced spikes were observed during cover (paper bag) removal and fuzz removal, during which TSP increased by 3.1-fold and 6.9-fold, respectively. Particle-size analysis showed that coarse particles (>10 μm) accounted for more than 70~90% of total concentrations, indicating that controlling settleable and resuspendable dust is essential in this setting. Based on these findings, a dual-induced local dust-control device integrating downward airflow (upper) and suction (lower) was designed, and a stable operating range minimizing re-suspension (air velocity 2.0~2.7 m/s; fan output 30~40%) was derived. Field demonstration confirmed reductions of 80.4% (TSP), 60.3% (PM-10), and 26.2% (PM-2.5) at the sorting table, along with marked attenuation of short-term peaks and temporal variability. Facility-wide mean concentrations also decreased by 67.6% (TSP), 52.2% (PM-10), and 26.4% (PM-2.5), validating process- and zone-targeted local control as an effective strategy for enclosed sorting facilities.
In the enclosed broiler house, seasonal changes in ventilation conditions were identified as the dominant driver of PM levels. During the transitional season, the mean ventilation rate decreased by approximately 5.7-fold compared with summer (12.0→2.1 m³·h-1·head-1), creating a low-ventilation vulnerability window in which TSP, PM-10, and PM-2.5 increased by 7.7-, 14.4-, and 12.5-fold, respectively. Real-time exposure assessment showed higher concentrations during dynamic work periods than during stationary work periods (1.74× for TSP, 1.40× for PM-10, and 1.22× for PM-2.5), indicating that worker activity amplifies short-term exposure. CFD–DPM simulations and a multi-criteria evaluation of removal performance and in-zone thermal–airflow conditions identified a balanced optimal ventilation condition at a mass flow rate of 14 kg/s (≈5.1 ACH), with an average airflow velocity of ~0.25 m/s in the animal-occupied zone, meeting recommended comfort and uniformity ranges.
In the Saemangeum reclaimed farmland, vegetation cover by winter forage crops provided quantifiable fugitive-dust mitigation. Field monitoring at the late growth stage showed leeward PM-10 reductions of 22.2% (barley) and 12.4% (triticale), while PM-2.5 decreased by 12.4% and 16.2%, respectively. Wind-tunnel experiments indicated higher canopy-based PM adsorption for triticale (PM-10: 82.2 mg/m³; PM-2.5: 120.0 mg/m³) than for barley (26.9 and 14.5 mg/m³), and the maximum monthly accumulated adsorption under dense planting reached 126.1 kg/ha (PM-10) and 80.2 kg/ha (PM-2.5). Carbon reduction was dominated by direct sequestration (≈92% contribution), with indirect reduction via forage substitution contributing ≈8%. The integrated index consistently favored triticale over barley across policy-weighting scenarios (TEBnorm of triticale: 1.93~2.73 relative to barley = 1.00), and sensitivity analyses confirmed that the dominant influencing factor shifts across axes depending on policy priorities while the overall superiority of triticale remains robust.
Overall, this study provides an integrated, field-scale framework linking monitoring, mechanistic analysis, technology design, and policy-interpretable index evaluation for agricultural PM management. The quantified design parameters and coefficients-operation ranges for local dust control in sorting facilities, optimal ventilation levels in broiler houses, and crop-specific PM adsorption and integrated indices in reclaimed farmlands-can support practical guidelines for reducing worker exposure, improving air quality in agricultural environments, and designing land-use and cropping strategies under air-quality, carbon, and forage-supply objectives.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서 론 1
• II. 연구 목적 6
• III. 연구사 9
• 1. 입자상 물질 정의 및 분류 9
• 2. 미세먼지의 인체, 가축, 작물에 미치는 영향 15
• 3. 농업 환경에서의 미세먼지 발생 특성 24
• 4. 농업 환경 미세먼지 모니터링 및 분석 기법 29
• 5. 미세먼지 관리 현황 38
• IV. 복숭아 선별장 미세먼지 발생 특성 기반의 하강기류형 국소저감장치 개발 및 평가 51
• 1. 서론 51
• 2. 재료 및 방법 53
• 2.1. 실험 대상 농가 53
• 2.2. 미세먼지 모니터링 장비 56
• 2.3. 미세먼지 모니터링 방법 58
• 2.4. 미세먼지 저감장치 설계 60
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 63
• 3.1. 복숭아 선별장 미세먼지 농도 분포 63
• 3.2. 작업 공정별 미세먼지 발생 특성 65
• 3.3. 국소분진저감장치 개발 및 운전 조건 도출 68
• 3.4. 국소분진저감장치 현장 적용 및 성능 평가 78
• 4. 소결 84
• V. 밀폐형 터널환기 육계사 미세먼지 저감을 위한 현장 모니터링 및 CFDDPM 기반 적정 환기수준 평가 86
• 1. 서론 86
• 2. 재료 및 방법 88
• 2.1. 실험 대상 육계사 88
• 2.2. 미세먼지 포집 및 측정 장비 90
• 2.3. 미세먼지 모니터링 및 분석 방법 94
• 2.4. 전산유체역학 98
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 126
• 3.1. 육계사 미세먼지 특성 및 발생원 분석 126
• 3.2. 육계사 작업 시기별 미세먼지 노출 농도 특성 135
• 3.3. CFD 기반 미세먼지 농도 감소 및 제거 특성 146
• 3.4. 육계사 환기 조건별 환경 성능 및 통합 비교 152
• 4. 소결 158
• VI. 새만금 간척지 농경지의 식생 기반 비산먼지 저감효과 및 통합환경가치 평가 160
• 1. 서론 160
• 2. 재료 및 방법 162
• 2.1. 실험 대상지 162
• 2.2. 풍환경 및 미세먼지 측정장비 164
• 2.3. 미세먼지 측정 및 풍동 실험 방법 165
• 2.4. 통합환경가치 평가 방법 177
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 193
• 3.1. 풍환경 조건 및 미세먼지 농도 특성 193
• 3.2. 작물별 미세먼지 흡착량 및 저감효과 204
• 3.3. 새만금 간척지 적용에 따른 가치축별 효과 분석 213
• 3.4. 통합환경가치 기여 구조 분석 217
• 3.5. 정책 가중치 시나리오 기반 기여 구조 변화 220
• 3.6. 민감도 분석 결과 및 주요 영향인자 도출 223
• 4. 소결 232
• VII. 종합결론 234
• 참고문헌 238