Objective: This study proposes a novel surface modification technique, Direct-Coupled Ultrasonic Treatment (DCUT), for forming a dense, low-porosity MgF₂ coating on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy. Unlike the conventional hydrofluoric acid (HF) ...
Objective: This study proposes a novel surface modification technique, Direct-Coupled Ultrasonic Treatment (DCUT), for forming a dense, low-porosity MgF₂ coating on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy. Unlike the conventional hydrofluoric acid (HF) immersion method or the HF ultrasonic-assisted (HFU) process, the DCUT approach directly transfers ultrasonic energy into the metallic substrate, thereby minimizing acoustic energy loss and enabling faster and more uniform coating formation. The primary objective of this work is to enhance the corrosion resistance, mechanical stability, and cytocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium implants while simultaneously reducing processing time and acid consumption.
Materials and Methods: Commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy plates were laser-cut into strips (35 × 4 × 2 mm) and disk (ϕ16 × 2 mm) specimens. All samples were ground up to 1200 grit, ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol, and dried prior to treatment. Surface modification was performed using three different procedures:(1) immersion in 49 wt% HF solution (5 mL/cm²) at room temperature for 0.5–5 h;(2) immersion in the same HF solution followed by ultrasonic processing in an ultrasonic bath (28 kHz, 100 W) for 0.5–5 h;(3) DCUT processing, in which each specimen was directly fixed to the vibrating tip of an endodontic ultrasonic device (40 ± 10 kHz) and treated in HF solution for 0.5–5 h at three output settings (E1 = 40 W, E2 = 68 W, E3 = 96 W).
The microstructure and surface characteristics of the resulting coatings—including coating density, surface roughness (Ra), and valley void volume (Vvv)—were analysed using FE-SEM and AFM. Wettability was assessed by contact angle measurements using water and diiodomethane. Adhesion strength was evaluated according to ISO 2409 using a cross-cut test. Corrosion performance was examined by immersing the samples in normal saline (NS, 37 ± 1 °C) for 1–14 days following ASTM G31 standards and measuring mass loss and pH changes. Mechanical properties were evaluated using Knoop and Vickers hardness tests and three-point bending tests before and after immersion. Cytocompatibility was assessed by culturing MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts in extraction media prepared in α-MEM, followed by CCK-8 assays for cell viability and FITC-phalloidin/DAPI staining for cytoskeletal morphology. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, with a significance level set at p < .05.
Results: The DCUT process produced a dense and uniform MgF₂ coating compared with the HF and HFU methods. Under the DCUT-E3 condition, the coating exhibited a surface roughness (Ra) of approximately 0.11 µm, surface energy of 60–80 mJ·m⁻², and excellent adhesion strength. After 14 days of immersion in NS, the mass loss of DCUT-E3 specimens was only 20–35% of that observed for the HF and HFU groups, while maintaining the structural integrity of the coating. Mechanical testing showed that DCUT-treated specimens retained a bending strength of approximately 380 MPa—nearly twice that of HFU-treated samples—and achieved maximum hardness values of 79.8 HK and 65.5 HV. In vitro assays demonstrated that the DCUT-E2 and DCUT-E3 groups exhibited cell viability exceeding 100% relative to the control, confirming the absence of cytotoxicity and indicating a cell-proliferation-promoting effect in accordance with ISO 10993-5.
Conclusion: The DCUT process provides an integrated surface modification strategy capable of achieving superior coating uniformity, enhanced corrosion resistance, improved mechanical reliability, and excellent biocompatibility within a single treatment. This technology represents a promising next-generation coating approach for biodegradable orthopedic magnesium implants such as bone plates and fixation screws, demonstrating that high durability and favorable biological performance can be achieved with a relatively short processing time of 5 hours.