The rapid advancement of digital technology has accelerated the transformation of educational paradigms. Among emerging educational technologies, Augmented Reality (AR) offers new opportunities to enhance learners’ engagement and immersion. In parti...
The rapid advancement of digital technology has accelerated the transformation of educational paradigms. Among emerging educational technologies, Augmented Reality (AR) offers new opportunities to enhance learners’ engagement and immersion. In particular, the Augmented Reality User Interface (ARUI) integrates physical and digital environments, allowing learners to interact intuitively with educational content. Such ARUI-based learning environments stimulate children’s curiosity and exploratory motivation, supporting the core objectives of STEAM education—namely, the development of convergent thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. Despite these advantages, empirical studies examining the relationship between engagement and flow experience in ARUI-based STEAM education for preschool children remain limited.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how preschool children’s engagement in ARUI-based STEAM education influences their flow experience. Furthermore, this research aims to present design strategies for developing age-appropriate interfaces and educational content tailored to preschool learners. By identifying how ARUI’s interactive and sensory feedback features affect the quality of engagement and flow, the study seeks to provide a theoretical foundation for future-oriented educational design.
Based on a comprehensive review of previous studies, core design elements of ARUI-based STEAM education were identified. An ARUI-based learning program was then developed and implemented for preschool children aged three to six. This study combined experimental application with behavioral observation, interviews, and questionnaires to measure children’s engagement and flow from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Data were analyzed using statistical methods (correlation and regression analysis) and content analysis to explore structural relationships between the key variables.
The results demonstrated that children’s engagement had a significant positive effect on their flow experience. Specifically, gesture-based manipulation, real-time visual and auditory feedback, and interactive elements were found to be key factors that sustained children’s attention and emotional immersion. Furthermore, the interaction between cognitive and emotional dimensions of flow positively influenced children’s motivation for continued learning. These findings suggest that ARUI design serves as an effective pedagogical strategy to enhance engagement and create immersive learning experiences for preschoolers within STEAM education.
The study has certain limitations, including a geographically limited sample and a short-term experimental design, which may restrict the generalizability of its findings. Additionally, external variables such as home environment, individual temperament, and teacher–child interaction were not fully controlled. Future research should conduct longitudinal and cross-cultural studies to validate the sustained effects of ARUI-based learning. Moreover, further investigation is needed into the roles of parental and teacher participation, the integration of emotional design principles, and the potential for AI-enhanced learning interfaces.