Play is a core medium for young children’s holistic development, and the 2019 Revised Nuri Curriculum emphasizes child-centered, play-based education so that all children can grow through play. In particular, children with disabilities need individu...
Play is a core medium for young children’s holistic development, and the 2019 Revised Nuri Curriculum emphasizes child-centered, play-based education so that all children can grow through play. In particular, children with disabilities need individualized play experiences that reflect their developmental levels. Forest play has recently gained attention as an educational context that can integratively support children’s physical, sensory, and socio-emotional functioning. However, existing research on forest play has largely focused on typically developing children, and there is a lack of empirical studies targeting children with disabilities. In addition, few studies have examined prosocial behavior and self-regulation simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the effects of a play-based forest program on the prosocial behavior and self-regulation of young children with developmental delays, and to establish practical foundations for evidence-based, forest-based play interventions.
To achieve this purpose, the study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analyses based on pre–post assessments with qualitative exploration through participant observation; interviews; and analyses of session videos, field notes, and portfolios. The intervention was implemented over six weeks from September 2025 (twice a week; 12 sessions in total) at Gwangju Patriots and Veterans Park (Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). The program was delivered by the researcher, who holds certifications as a Forest Kindergarten Instructor and a forest rope-play instructor.
Participants were three children (ages 3–5) with developmental delays enrolled in an inclusive childcare center. They were selected based on criteria including low social skills and potential difficulties in self-regulation, the ability to walk independently, and written consent from both parents and teachers.
Study instruments included: (a) parent- and teacher-rated prosocial behavior and self-regulation rating scales; (b) an adaptive behavior assessment to confirm functional levels prior to the intervention; (c) the SRRS self-regulation measure; and (d) session-by-session, video-based frequency analyses of target behaviors by subdomain. In-depth pre- and post-intervention interviews were conducted with parents and homeroom teachers. In addition, intervention fidelity and social validity were calculated to enhance the credibility and applicability of the findings.
The results were as follows. First, after participating in the play-based forest program, all three children showed overall improvement or a stable upward trend in prosocial behavior. Peer-oriented interactions increased, including helping, communication, attempts to approach peers, sharing, and empathy and emotion regulation. Observations indicated a shift from early patterns characterized by possessiveness or avoidance toward more cooperative interactions, such as using materials together and engaging in mutual support. Second, improvements were also observed in self-regulation across cognitive regulation, emotion regulation, and attention. In challenging physical play contexts, children increasingly demonstrated rule understanding, strategy adjustment, attempts to re-engage after setbacks, emotional recovery, and sustained participation in tasks. Third, video-based within-session analyses showed that the frequency of target behaviors related to prosocial behavior and self-regulation generally increased or remained stable. Notably, during rope-play activities, children showed strengthened behaviors such as proposing play, requesting and providing help, persisting with tasks, and maintaining attention. Fourth, qualitative data further supported these findings: parents and teachers reported that children more actively initiated interactions with peers and family members and coped more flexibly with frustration, suggesting that behavioral changes extended into everyday contexts.
Overall, these findings suggest that a play-based forest program can function as an effective intervention setting that integratively promotes prosocial behavior and self-regulation for young children with disabilities within authentic play contexts. Moreover, the results indicate the potential of forest environments to serve as a practical arena for inclusive education by supporting the social-emotional competencies of all children, including those with disabilities. Future efforts should expand the regular implementation of forest programs in inclusive settings and establish safe, sustainable implementation models based on collaborative systems involving forest instructors, special education teachers, and support staff. Further research should also broaden participant characteristics and disability types, and examine long-term effects by incorporating maintenance, generalization, and follow-up assessments