프란츠 리스트(Franz Liszt)의 작품에 나타나는 카덴차적 요소 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

19세기 대표적인 비르투오소 피아니스트이자 낭만주의 작곡가인 프란츠 리스트(Frants Liszt, 1811–1886)의 작품에는 다양한 카덴차적 요소가 나타난다. 기교적 과시를 넘어선 음악적 측면, 전달력의 극대화 등의 순기능을 확인했고 따라서 그에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 이를 위해 리스트가 작곡한 여러 장르 중 시에서 영감을 받은 피아노곡, 민속 선율에 영향을 받은 랩소디, 단일 악장의 피아노 협주곡에서 보여 주는 카덴차의 역할과 기능을 분석하였다.

리스트가 작곡한 가곡을 다시 피아노곡으로 재작업한 《소네트 104 델 페트라르카,《사랑의 꿈》에서의 카덴차는 가곡의 가사에서 나타나는 감정선과 동일시되는 선율 및 뉘앙스를 보여 주며, 《헝가리 랩소디》,《스페인 랩소디》에서는 주제 변형의 섹션 사이에서 연결구로서의 기능 혹은 복선의 기능으로서의 역할이 있고, 피아노와 관현악을 위한 《죽음의 무도》,《피아노 협주곡》에서는 낭만주의 협주곡 중 비전통적인 카덴차가 나타난다.

낭만주의 음악의 진정한 가치는 인간의 감정을, 생각을, 느낌을 악보 안에, 음표 안에 담아내고 있다는 것이다. 리스트는 인간에게 중요하게 다루어져야 할 학문, 철학, 사상, 문학에 관심을 가졌고 자연과 여행 등 많은 경험과 감정을 음악에 담고자 했고 음악의 가치를 존중했고, 존중받길 바랬으며 이러한 열망들이 그를 청중들을 열광에 빠트리는 비르투오소적인 연주자, 비르투오시티가 잔뜩 묻은 음악을 쓰는 작곡가로 만들었다. 그의 악보에는 보다 많은 음을 포함하고, 넓은 음역이 펼쳐져 있고, 아르페지오, 옥타브 스케일, 반음계 등 기교적인 선율이 넘쳐난다. 그러나 이 고난이도의 테크닉을 통해 인간의 감정으로 최고조로 표현할 수 있고 음악적 아이디어를 더 풍부하게 구현할 수 있다.

본 연구를 통해 카덴차적 요소가 음악을 더 구조적으로 완성시키는지, 감정적인 풍요로움을 배가시키는지 전하고자 한다. 리스트의 피아노 소곡에서는 가사의 감정선과 결합된 카덴차적 요소가 적절하게 배치되어 서정성과 구조를 연결한다. 소나타에서는 레시차티보적 카덴차를 통해 단악장 구조로 통합하였고, 협주곡에 이러르서는 전통적인 형식의 카덴차 대신 악장 내부의 다수의 카덴차적 요소를 배치함으로서 주제와 구조적 통일감을 부여했다.

리스트의 작품에 나타난 카덴차적 요소는 낭만주의의 본질, 즉 감정과 형식의 자유로움을 실현한 가치적인 음악 장치라 할 수 있다. 단순한 즉흥적 장식이나 연주 기교의 과시가 아니라, 작곡가의 의도와 이상을 재현하는 지적, 예술적 통찰의 결과물이었다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• Ⅰ. 서론 ······································································································································1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ···································································································1
• 2. 연구 방법 ·····································································································································4
• II. 본론 ·······································································································································5
• 1. 리스트의 비르투오시티 ···································································································5
• 2. 모차르트와 베토벤 작품에서의 카덴차적 요소 ····················································· 10
• 3. 리스트 가곡과 랩소디의 카덴차적 요소 ································································ 19
• 1) 소네트 델 104 페트라르카 ···················································································· 20
• 2) 사랑의 꿈 ··················································································································· 23
• 3) 스페인 랩소디 ········································································································· 25
• 4) 헝가리 랩소디 2번 ································································································· 27
• 4. 리스트 소나타의 카덴차적 요소 ················································································ 31
• 5. 리스트 협주곡의 카덴차 ······························································································ 35
• 1) 모차르트와 베토벤 협주곡의 카덴차 ···································································· 35
• 2) 리스트 협주곡의 카덴차 ·························································································· 38
• III. 결론 ··································································································································· 48
• 참고문헌 ··································································································································· 49
• ABSTRACT & KEYWORDS ·························································································· 52