가락국 국가형성과정 연구 = A Study on the State Formation Process of Garakguk

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 문헌 사료와 고고자료를 종합하여 가락국의 국가형성과정을 살피고, 국가적 성격을 도출하는데 목적을 두었다.
가락국의 형성 시기는 기원전 1세기~기원후 1세기로 파악되며, 진·변한 國 형성 기사 및 묘제 변화·철기 생산·원거리 교역의 전개와 부합한다. 형성 과정은 유이민세력과 재지세력 간의 경쟁과 통합, 경제·정치 기반의 재편이 복합적으로 작용한 점진적 과정이었다. 2세기 후반에 이르러 가락국은 대규모 유이민 유입과 철 생산·유통기반 구축을 계기로 대국으로 성장하였으며, 수장층 권위와 정치적 위계가 심화되었다. 그러나 대성동-봉황동 국읍은 집권체계와 공간·사회구조 분화가 아직 완성되지 않은 國 단계의 정치·경제적 거점이었다.
3세기 초 포상팔국전쟁은 남해안 해상 교역망의 주도권을 둘러싼 경쟁 속에서 발생하였고, 전쟁 이후 가락국은 주변국과의 교섭을 주도하는 동북아 해상 네트워크의 핵심 거점으로 부상하였다. 이후 왕의 출현, 관직 개편, 도읍 건설, 노동력 동원 통제, 시조묘 제례의 정례화 등을 기반하여 국가 체계를 갖추었다. 다만, 점복 의례, 왕비족의 영향력 등이 여전히 남아 있는 점을 보아 과도기적 초기국가 단계에 머물렀던 것으로 보인다.
400년 고구려 남정은 낙동강 이동 지역에 중대한 충격을 가하여 가락국의 해상교섭권과 정치적 입지를 약화시켰다. 「광개토왕릉비」의 종발성은 가락국 최북단 양산 지역으로 비정되며, 그 귀복 과정은 변동기 가락국의 불안정성을 보여준다. 남정 이후 가락국은 국정 혼란과 지배층 분열, 신라의 지속적인 압박, 남해안 가야제국과의 경쟁 등 내·외적 요인이 중첩되면서 점진적으로 쇠퇴하였다. 봉황토성 축조 등 방어적 조치는 체제 유지의 시도였으나 약화된 왕권을 실질적으로 회복하지는 못하였다.
가락국의 정치구조는 중심항시–주변항시–배후지–외연부가 유기적으로 결합한 항시체계였다. 봉황동 중심항시는 왕권이 주재한 정치·교역의 핵심 공간이었고, 신문동–관동동 주변항시는 물자 집산과 교역을 담당하였다. 배후지의 제철 유적은 경제 기반을 제공하였으며, 양산 지역은 외연부로서 경계·완충 기능을 수행하였다. 이러한 구조는 왕권 통제와 지역 집단 자율성이 병존하였고, 외래집단을 제도권 내부로 포섭하는 개방성을 바탕으로 교역 안정성을 확보한 항시국가적 특성을 보여준다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 ······················································································· 1
• 1. 가야사연구 동향 ································································· 1
• 2. 가락국사 연구 전개와 한계 ·············································· 7
• 3. 연구목적과 방법 ······························································· 15
• Ⅱ. 가락국 형성과 성장 ··························································· 17
• 1. 가락국 형성 시기 ····························································· 17
• 2. 가락국 형성 과정 ····························································· 25
• 3. “대국”으로의 성장 ··························································· 34
• Ⅲ. 포상팔국전쟁과 국가로의 발전 ········································ 55
• 1. 포상팔국전쟁 ··································································· 55
• 1) 전쟁시기와 전쟁대상 ················································· 55
• 2) 전쟁의 배경 ··································································· 63
• 2. 포상팔국전쟁 이후의 대외관계 ······································ 68
• 1) 가락국과 신라 ······························································· 69
• 2) 가락국의 대중관계 ······················································· 72
• 3. 국가로의 발전 ··································································· 83
• 1) 왕의 등장 ······································································· 83
• 2) 정치체계의 발전 ··························································· 90
• Ⅳ. 고구려 남정과 가락국의 쇠퇴 ········································ 108
• 1. “安羅人戍兵” 검토 ························································ 108
• 2. 임나가라종발성 귀복과 안라인수병 ···························· 118
• 3. 고구려남정 이후 가락국 쇠퇴 ····································· 128
• Ⅴ. 가락국의 국가적 성격 ····················································· 140
• 1. 가락국 항시의 입지와 공간 ········································· 140
• 1) 가락국의 대외교섭루트 ············································· 142
• 2) 가락국의 항시와 성격 ··············································· 147
• 2. 항시의 배후지와 그 구조 ············································· 157
• 3. 가락국의 항시국가적 성격 ··········································· 161
• Ⅵ. 결 론 ··················································································· 170
• 참고문헌 ···················································································· 173
• ABSTRACT ············································································ 204