송대(宋代) 설숭(契嵩)의 선사상(禪思想)과 유불융합(儒佛融合) 연구 = A Study on the Chan Thought and the Confucian–Buddhist Synthesis of Song Dynasty Master Qisong

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to provide a systematic analysis of the Patriarchal
Chan(祖師禪) thought and the theory of Confucian–Buddhist harmonization developed by Master Mingjiao Qisong(明敎大師 契嵩, 1007–1072), a prominent Buddhist scholar-monk active during the early Song dynasty.
The research situates Qisong’s intellectual activities within the broader historical context of the decline of Buddhism during the late Tang and Five Dynasties period and the reassertion of Confucian orthodoxy under Emperor Taizu’s(趙匡胤) centralizing rule and “pro-Confucian”(重儒) policy in the early Song. While this policy promoted the revival of Confucianism, Buddhism faced political and social suppression, and anti-Buddhist discourse spread widely across literati circles.
Against this backdrop, Qisong composed a number of works defending the doctrinal legitimacy of Buddhism and advocating reconciliation between the two traditions. Engaging in direct debates and correspondence with Confucian scholars in Kaifeng(開封), he refuted anti-Buddhist arguments and persuaded influential figures such as Han Qi(韓琦) and Ouyang Xiu(歐 陽修) to embrace Buddhist teachings. As recognition of his efforts, Emperor Renzong conferred upon him the honorary title Mingjiao Dashi (“Great Master of Luminous Teaching”), and his major works—Supplement
to the Teachings(補敎編), Record of the True Transmission of the Orthodox Dharma(傳法正宗記), and Treatise on the True Transmission of the Orthodox Dharma(傳法正宗論)—were later included in the Chinese
Buddhist Canon (Tripiṭaka).
After his passing, Qisong’s writings were compiled and published as the Jinjin Wenji(鐔津文集), which contains texts such as On the Source(論 原), Commentary on the Zhongyong(中庸解), and Against Han Yu(非韓). In these works, he emphasized that both Buddhism and Confucianism share the same moral objective of promoting virtuous conduct, arguing that their ethical foundations are not essentially different. By systematically refuting Han Yu’s (韓愈) critiques of Buddhism, Qisong deepened the theoretical framework of Confucian–Buddhist syncretism. Furthermore, through works
such as Record of the True Transmission of the Orthodox Dharma(傳法正 宗記), Treatise on the True Transmission of the Orthodox Dharma(傳法正 宗論), and Diagram of the Established Lineage of the True Transmission
of the Orthodox Dharma(傳法正宗定祖圖), he elucidated the transmission lineage of the declining Patriarchal Chan tradition and revitalized its doctrinal legacy.
In sum, this paper examines Qisong’s corpus to elucidate the interplay between the Song dynasty’s Buddhist policies, Confucian anti-Buddhist discourse, the philosophical characteristics of his Patriarchal Chan thought, and the historical significance of his Confucian–Buddhist harmonization theory.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서언(緖言) ·········································································································· 1
• 1. 연구의 목적 ···································································································· 1
• 2. 선행 연구의 동향과 주요 자료 ······························································· 7
• 3. 연구의 범위와 내용 ·················································································· 13
• II. 북송(北宋)의 시대 상황과 설숭의 생애 ········································ 18
• 1. 북송(北宋) 초기 유학의 배불(排佛) 경향 ········································ 18
• 2. 설숭의 생애와 저술 ·················································································· 29
• 1) 설숭의 생애 ································································································ 29
• 2) 설숭의 저술과 심진문집(鐔津文集) ······················································· 41
• III. 중국 조사선의 전개 ················································································ 57
• 1. 『육조단경』의 선사상과 남종선(南宗禪)의 전개 ···························· 57
• 1) 『육조단경』의 출현과 선사상 ·································································· 57
• 2) 남종선의 전개 ···························································································· 82
• 2. 오가(五家)의 조사선(祖師禪) ······························································ 123
• 1) 위앙종(潙仰宗), 방원묵계(方圓黙契)⋅체용쌍창(體用雙彰) ··········· 123
• 2) 임제종(臨濟宗), 기봉준열(機鋒峻烈)⋅오역문뢰(五逆聞雷) ··········· 127
• 3) 조동종(曹洞宗), 면밀회호(綿密回互)⋅묘용친절(妙用親切) ··········· 130
• 4) 운문종(雲門宗), 함개절류(函蓋截流)⋅험준고고(險峻高古) ··········· 133
• 5) 법안종(法眼宗), 문성도오(聞聲悟道)⋅견색명심(見色明心) ··········· 143
• IV. 설숭의 선사상(禪思想)과 심성론(心性論) ································ 149
• 1. 설숭의 조사선 인식과 선종 법맥 ····················································· 149
• 1) ｢단경찬(壇經贊)｣에 나타난 조사선의 인식 ······································ 149
• 2) 『전법정종기』 등을 통한 서천이십팔조의 고증(考證) ···················· 159
• 2. 심성론(心性論)과 성정론(性情論) ····················································· 167
• 1) 심본체(心本體) ························································································ 168
• 2) 심(心)과 정(情)의 관계 ········································································· 174
• V. 설숭의 유불융합과 배불론 비판 ····················································· 181
• 1. 중국의 유불융합 사상 ··········································································· 181
• 1) 양숙(梁肅)의 천태(天台)와 중용(中庸)의 융합 ································ 181
• 2) 이고(李皐)의 유학과 조사선의 융합 ················································ 191
• 3) 규봉종밀(圭峰宗密)의 삼교일치와 제종일치 ···································· 198
• 2. ｢효론(孝論)｣을 통한 유불융합(儒佛融合) ······································ 206
• 1) 역대 불교의 효론 ··················································································· 206
• 2) ｢효론(孝論)｣의 대효(大孝) ··································································· 210
• 3. ｢중용해(中庸解)｣에 나타난 유불합일(儒佛合一) ························· 220
• 1) 성명(誠明)과 실성(實性)의 융합 ························································· 221
• 2) 지성지도(至誠之道)와 만법유심(萬法唯心) ······································· 227
• 4. 『비한(非韓)』의 배불론 비판 ······························································· 231
• 1) 한유(韓愈)의 도통설(道統說)에 대한 비판 ······································· 231
• 2) 한유의 성정론(性情論) 비판 ································································ 234
• 3) 배불론 비판 ····························································································· 238
• VI. 결어(結語) ································································································· 242
• 참고문헌 ·············································································································· 255
• Abstract ············································································································· 264